The Mississippian Borden Formation is a mapped

bedrock In geology, bedrock is solid Rock (geology), rock that lies under loose material (regolith) within the crust (geology), crust of Earth or another terrestrial planet. Definition Bedrock is the solid rock that underlies looser surface mater ...

unit in

Kentucky Kentucky ( , ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States and one of the states of the Upper South. It borders Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the north; West Virginia and Virginia to ...

Indiana Indiana () is a U.S. state in the Midwestern United States. It is the 38th-largest by area and the 17th-most populous of the 50 States. Its capital and largest city is Indianapolis. Indiana was admitted to the United States as the 19th s ...

Illinois Illinois ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern United States. Its largest metropolitan areas include the Chicago metropolitan area, and the Metro East section, of Greater St. Louis. Other smaller metropolita ...

Ohio Ohio () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Of the fifty U.S. states, it is the 34th-largest by area, and with a population of nearly 11.8 million, is the seventh-most populous and tenth-most densely populated. The sta ...

West Virginia West Virginia is a state in the Appalachian, Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States.The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the Southern United States while the Bur ...

,Matchen, D.L., and Kammer, T.W., 1994, Sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Mississippian Price and Borden Formations in southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky: Southeastern Geology, v. 34, no. 1, p. 25–41. and

Tennessee Tennessee ( , ), officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked state in the Southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th-largest by area and the 15th-most populous of the 50 states. It is bordered by Kentucky to th ...

. It has many members, which has led some geologists to consider it a

group A group is a number of persons or things that are located, gathered, or classed together. Groups of people * Cultural group, a group whose members share the same cultural identity * Ethnic group, a group whose members share the same ethnic iden ...

(for example in IndianaShaver, R.H., Burger, A.M., Gates, G.R., Gray, H.H., and others, 1970, Compendium of rock-unit stratigraphy in Indiana: Indiana Geological Survey Bulletin, no. 43, 229 p.) rather than a

formation Formation may refer to: Linguistics * Back-formation, the process of creating a new lexeme by removing or affixes * Word formation, the creation of a new word by adding affixes Mathematics and science * Cave formation or speleothem, a secondar ...

(for example in KentuckyKepferle, R.C., 1971, Members of the Borden Formation (Mississippian) in north-central Kentucky, IN Contributions to stratigraphy, 1971:

U.S. Geological Survey The United States Geological Survey (USGS), formerly simply known as the Geological Survey, is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, and ...

Bulletin, 1354-B, p. B1–B18.Weir, G.W., Gualtieri, J.L., and Schlanger, S.O., 1966, Borden Formation (Mississippian) in south- and southeast-central Kentucky, IN Contributions to stratigraphy, 1965:

Bulletin, 1224-F, p. F1–F38

/ref>).

Fossils

Scyphozoan The Scyphozoa are an exclusively marine class of the phylum Cnidaria, referred to as the true jellyfish (or "true jellies"). The class name Scyphozoa comes from the Greek word ''skyphos'' (), denoting a kind of drinking cup and alluding to the ...

s: ''Conularia'' sp. (from Borden Formation), ''Paraconularia'' sp. (from Coral Ridge Member, New Providence Shale)http://www.kyanageo.org/mississippian.html KYANA Geological Society (Mississippian) *Hexactinellid

Sponge Sponges, the members of the phylum Porifera (; meaning 'pore bearer'), are a basal animal clade as a sister of the diploblasts. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through t ...

s (from Muldraugh Formation) *

Brachiopod Brachiopods (), phylum Brachiopoda, are a phylum of trochozoan animals that have hard "valves" (shells) on the upper and lower surfaces, unlike the left and right arrangement in bivalve molluscs. Brachiopod valves are hinged at the rear end, w ...

s: ''Orthotetes keokuk'' (from Borden Formation), ''Orbiculoidea'' (from Coral Ridge Member, New Providence Shale) *

Trilobite Trilobites (; meaning "three lobes") are extinct marine arthropods that form the class Trilobita. Trilobites form one of the earliest-known groups of arthropods. The first appearance of trilobites in the fossil record defines the base of the At ...

: ''Phillibole conkini'' (Coral Ridge Member, New Providence Formation, Borden Group) *

Cephalopod A cephalopod is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda (Greek plural , ; "head-feet") such as a squid, octopus, cuttlefish, or nautilus. These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head ...

s: ''Cantabricanites greenei'', ''Polaricyclus ballardensis'', ''Winchelloceras knappi'' (all from Coral Ridge Member, New Providence Formation, Borden Group), ''Muenstroceras oweni'', ''M. parallelum'', ''Kazakhstania colubrella'', ''Imitoceras ixion'', ''Masonoceras kentuckiense'', ''Merocanites drostei'', ''Dzhaprakoceras'' sp., ''Polaricyclus bordenensis'', ''Winchelloceras allei'' (all from Nada and Cowbell Members) *

Crinoid Crinoids are marine animals that make up the class Crinoidea. Crinoids that are attached to the sea bottom by a stalk in their adult form are commonly called sea lilies, while the unstalked forms are called feather stars or comatulids, which are ...

s: ''Pachyocrinus aequalis'' (from Muldraugh Mbr.), ''Gilmocrinus kentuckyensis'' (from Muldraugh Mbr.), ''Rhodocrinites barrisi divergens'', ''Gilbertsocrinus tuberculosus'', ''Gilbertsocrinus typus'', ''Actinocrinites eximius'', ''Actinocrinites scitulus'', ''Blairocrinus protuberatus'', ''Steganocrinus'', ''Uperocrinus pyriformis'', ''Uperocrinus acuminatus'', ''Eretmocrinus cloelia'', ''Macrocrinus konincki'', ''Dorycrinus quinquelobus'', ''Aorocrinus nodulus'', ''Agaricocrinus planoconvexus'', ''Agaricocrinus inflatus'', ''Dichocrinuspocillum Dichocrinus'', ''Paradichocrinus liratus'', ''Platycrinites glyptus'', ''Platycrinites planus'', ''Platycrinities spinifer'', ''Cyathocrinites iowensis'', ''Barycrinus spurious'', ''Costalocrinus cornutus'', ''Meniscocrinus'', ''Pellecrinus obuncus'', ''Atelestocrinus kentuckyensis'', ''Holcocrinus spinobrachiatus'', ''Blothrocrinus swallovi'', ''Coeliocrinus subspinosus'', ''Decadocrinus scalaris'', ''Taxocrinus'', ''Synbathocrinus dentatus'', ''Halysiocrinus dactylus'' (from Nada Mbr.). *

Blastoid Blastoids (class Blastoidea) are an extinct type of stemmed echinoderm, often referred to as sea buds. They first appear, along with many other echinoderm classes, in the Ordovician period, and reached their greatest diversity in the Mississi ...

s: ''Granatocrinus kentuckyensis'' (from New Providence Shale) A rare soft-bodied fossil that was recovered from the Farmers Member of the Borden Formation in northeastern Kentucky was interpreted as a chondrophorine float (an internal anatomical feature).Ellis L. Yochelson and Charles E. Mason. 1986. A Chondrophorine Coelenterate from the Borden Formation (Lower Mississippian) of Kentucky,

Journal of Paleontology The ''Journal of Paleontology'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the field of paleontology. It is published by the Paleontological Society. Indexing The ''Journal of Paleontology'' is indexed in: *BIOSIS Previews *Science Citatio ...

, Vol. 60, No. 5 (September 1986), pp. 1025-102

/ref> File:Fossil brachiopods in ironstone concretion (Nancy Member, Borden Formation, Lower Mississippian; Lewis County, Kentucky, USA) 2 (35374392580).jpg, Fossil brachiopods (

Rhynchonelliformea Rhynchonelliformea is a major subphylum and clade of brachiopods. It is equivalent to the former class Articulata, which was used previously in brachiopod taxonomy. Articulate brachiopods have many anatomical differences relative to "inarticulate" ...

) in ironstone concretion (Nancy Member) File:Gilbertsocrinus typus - extinct crinoid - Smithsonian Museum of Natural History - 2012-05-17.jpg, ''Gilbertsocrinus typus'', an extinct crinoid from the Borden Formation File:Platycrinites hemisphericus.jpg, ''Platycrinites hemisphericus'', another crinoid File:Fossil scallop in ironstone concretion (Nancy Member, Borden Formation, Lower Mississippian; Lewis County, Kentucky, USA) 2 (35592669622).jpg, Fossil scallop in ironstone concretion (Nancy Member)

Trace fossils

Zoophycos ''Zoophycos'' is a somewhat cosmopolitan ichnogenus thought to be produced by moving and feeding polychaete worms. Appearance ''Zoophycos'' occurs in two forms, one planar, and one which resembles a corkscrew. In the latter helicoidal form, ...

'' is present in the

turbidite A turbidite is the geologic deposit of a turbidity current, which is a type of amalgamation of fluidal and sediment gravity flow responsible for distributing vast amounts of clastic sediment into the deep ocean. Sequencing Turbidites were ...

s of the Farmers Member of the Borden Formation in Kentucky. File:Zoophycos2.jpg, ''Zoophycos'' from

s of Farmers Member of Borden Formation at mile marker 135,

I-64 Interstate 64 (I-64) is an east–west Interstate Highway in the Eastern United States. Its western terminus is at I-70, U.S. Route 40 (US 40), and US 61 in Wentzville, Missouri. Its eastern terminus is at an interchange w ...

, Kentucky File:Zoophycos trace fossil (Mississippian; Clack Mountain Road-Route 519 intersection outcrop, south of Morehead, Kentucky, USA) 2 (30786870927).jpg, Another Zoophycos trace fossil from Kentucky File:Trace fossils in fine-grained sandstone (Henley Member, Borden Formation, Lower Mississippian; Tener Mountain roadcut, southern Ohio, USA) 4 (35866475175).jpg, Trace fossils in sandstone (Henley Member)

External links

Upper Devonian—Lower Mississippian clastic rocks in northeastern Kentucky: Evidence for Acadian alpine glaciation and models for source-rock and reservoir-rock development in the eastern United States
Ettensohn, F.R., Lierman, R.T., and Mason, C.E., 2009
American Institute of Professional GeologistsKentucky Section
Spring Field Trip, April 18, 2009 * Matchen, D.L. and T.W. Kammer. 1994. Sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Mississippian Price and Borden Formations in southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky. SOUTHEASTERN GEOLOGY, 34:25-41
PDF

References

{{reflist, 2 Geologic formations of Illinois Geologic formations of Indiana Geologic formations of Kentucky Geologic formations of Ohio Geologic formations of Tennessee Geologic formations of West Virginia Mississippian United States Appalachian Mountains Mississippian Illinois Carboniferous Indiana Carboniferous Kentucky Carboniferous Ohio Carboniferous geology of Tennessee Carboniferous West Virginia Carboniferous southern paleotemperate deposits Carboniferous southern paleotropical deposits