Boran (also known as Bora–Muinane, Bora–Muiname, Bóran, Miranyan, Miranya, Bórano) is a small language family, consisting of just two languages.
Languages
The two Boran languages are:
*
Bora (also known as Bora–Miranya, Boro, Meamuyna) of western
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
(
Amazonas State)
*
Muinane
The Witoto (also Huitoto or Uitota) are an indigenous peoples in Colombia, indigenous people in southeastern Colombia and indigenous people in Peru, northern Peru. (also known as Bora Muinane, Muinane Bora, Muinani, Muename) of southwestern
Colombia
Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Car ...
(
Amazonas Department
Amazonas () is a department of Southern Colombia in the south of the country. It is the largest department in area while also having the 3rd smallest population. Its capital is Leticia and its name comes from the Amazon River, which drains t ...
)
Loukotka (1968) also lists Nonuya, spoken at the sources of the
Cahuinari River, as a Boran language. Only a few words were documented.
Synonymy note:
* The name ''Muiname'' has been used to refer to the ''Muinane language (Bora Muinane)'' of the Boran family and also to the ''
Nipode language (Witoto Muinane)'' of the Witotoan family.
Genetic relations
Aschmann (1993) proposed that the Boran and Witotoan language families were related, in a ''
Bora–Witoto'' stock. Echeverri & Seifart (2016) refute the connection.
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the
Choko,
Guahibo,
Tukano,
Witoto-Okaina,
Yaruro
The Yaruro people (or Pumé, according to their self-determination) are a Circum-Caribbean indigenous people, native to the ecoregion of Llanos in Venezuela, located west of the Orinoco River. ,
Arawak
The Arawak are a group of indigenous peoples of northern South America and of the Caribbean. Specifically, the term "Arawak" has been applied at various times to the Lokono of South America and the Taíno, who historically lived in the Greater ...
, and
Tupi language families due to contact in the
Caquetá River Caquetá may refer to:
* Caquetá River, a river in Colombia
* Caquetá Territory
The Caquetá Territory ( es, Territorio del Caquetá) was a national territory of the Republic of New Granada and the subsequent states of the Granadine Confederat ...
basin region.
An automated computational analysis (
ASJP
The Automated Similarity Judgment Program (ASJP) is a collaborative project applying computational approaches to comparative linguistics using a database of word lists. The database is open access and consists of 40-item basic-vocabulary lists ...
4) by Müller et al. (2013)
[Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. 2013. ]
ASJP World Language Trees of Lexical Similarity: Version 4 (October 2013)
'. found lexical similarities with
Arawakan
Arawakan (''Arahuacan, Maipuran Arawakan, "mainstream" Arawakan, Arawakan proper''), also known as Maipurean (also ''Maipuran, Maipureano, Maipúre''), is a language family that developed among ancient indigenous peoples in South America. Branch ...
(especially the
Resigaro language in particular) due to contact.
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.
:
Proto-language
Proto-Bora–Muinane reconstructions by Seifart and Echeverri (2015):
[Seifart, Frank, & Echeverri, Juan Alvaro (2015)]
Proto Bora-Muinane
''LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas'', 15(2), 279 - 311.
References
Bibliography
* Aschmann, Richard P. (1993). ''Proto Witotoan''. Publications in linguistics (No. 114). Arlington, TX: SIL & the University of Texas at Arlington.
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. .
* Echeverri, Juan Alvaro & Frank Seifart. (2016). ''Proto-Witotoan: A re-evaluation of the distant genealogical relationship between the Boran and Witotoan linguistic families.''
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. .
* Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
*Thiesen, W.; Thiesen, E. (1998). ''Diccionario: Bora - Castellano, Castellano - Bora''. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 46). Pucallpa: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
*Walton, J. W.; Walton, J. P.; Pakky de Buenaventura, C. (1997). Diccionario bilingüe muinane-español, español-muinane. Santafé de Bogotá: Editorial Alberto Lleras Camargo.
External links
* Proel:
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Boran languages
Bora–Witoto languages
Indigenous languages of the South American Northern Foothills
Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia
Language families