''Bolma'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of medium to large

sea snail Sea snail is a common name for slow-moving marine gastropod molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguished from snails primarily by the ...

s with a

calcareous Calcareous () is an adjective meaning "mostly or partly composed of calcium carbonate", in other words, containing lime or being chalky. The term is used in a wide variety of scientific disciplines. In zoology ''Calcareous'' is used as an adje ...

operculum,

marine Marine is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the sea or ocean. Marine or marines may refer to: Ocean * Maritime (disambiguation) * Marine art * Marine biology * Marine debris * Marine habitats * Marine life * Marine pollution Military * ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is esti ...

s in the

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2014). Bolma Risso, 1826. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138603 on 2014-08-12

Fossil records

The genus is known from the

Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene' ...

to the

Recent The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene together ...

periods (age range: from 33.9 to 0.0 million years ago). Fossils shells have been found in France, Greece, Japan, Morocco, Spain, Vanuatu, Guam, Cyprus, Greece, South Africa, Spain, Austria, Italy, Slovakia, New Zealand, Australia and Tonga. There are about 5 extinct species.

Description

The central teeth of the

radula The radula (, ; plural radulae or radulas) is an anatomical structure used by molluscs for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food ...

have no cusps. They have a narrow long basal plate, which is produced above the body of the tooth. The latter is wide, oval, and not reflected above. Its lower margin is not well-defined in my specimens which are, however, not stained. The laterals are of the usual form and bear cusps. The imperforate shell has a turbinate shape. The spire is conic with

whorl A whorl ( or ) is an individual circle, oval, volution or equivalent in a whorled pattern, which consists of a spiral or multiple concentric objects (including circles, ovals and arcs). Whorls in nature File:Photograph and axial plane floral ...

s rounded at the periphery. The upper whorls are spiny. The base of the shell is convex. The operculum is nearly round with an excentric nucleus. The outside of the shell is polished, concave in the middle, with a convexity or rib upon the center of the spiral.

Distribution

This marine genus has a wide distribution. It occurs in the

Red Sea The Red Sea ( ar, البحر الأحمر - بحر القلزم, translit=Modern: al-Baḥr al-ʾAḥmar, Medieval: Baḥr al-Qulzum; or ; Coptic: ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁϩ ''Phiom Enhah'' or ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ ''Phiom ǹšari''; T ...

, the Eastern Indian Ocean, the West Pacific, the

South China Sea The South China Sea is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean. It is bounded in the north by the shores of South China (hence the name), in the west by the Indochinese Peninsula, in the east by the islands of Taiwan and northwestern Phil ...

, the

East China Sea The East China Sea is an arm of the Western Pacific Ocean, located directly offshore from East China. It covers an area of roughly . The sea’s northern extension between mainland China and the Korean Peninsula is the Yellow Sea, separated b ...

, and off

South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring countri ...

, Indo-China, the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

New Caledonia ) , anthem = "" , image_map = New Caledonia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , map_alt = Location of New Caledonia , map_caption = Location of New Caledonia , mapsize = 290px , subdivision_type = Sovereign st ...

New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...

and

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

(New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland).

Species

According to the

World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of marine organisms. Content The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scientific specialist ...

(WoRMS), the following species are included within the genus ''Bolma'' : * '' Bolma anacanthos'' Beu & Ponder, 1979 * ''

Bolma andersoni ''Bolma andersoni'', common name Anderson's star shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Description The size of the shell varies between 50 mm and 87 mm. Distribut ...

'' (E.A. Smith, 1902) * '' Bolma aureola'' (Hedley, 1907) * '' Bolma austroconica'' Beu & Ponder, 1979 * ''

Bolma bartschii ''Bolma bartschii'' , common name Bartsch's star bolma, is a species of sea snail, a marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Gofas, S. (2012). ''Bolma bartschii'' Dall, 1913. Accessed ...

'' Dall, 1913 * ''

Bolma bathyraphis ''Bolma bathyraphis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P. (2012). ''Bolma bathyraphis'' (E. A. Smith, 1899). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://w ...

'' (E. A. Smith, 1899) * '' Bolma boucheti'' Alf & Kreipl, 2011 * '' Bolma castelinae'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * '' Bolma crassigranosa'' Tenison Woods, 1877 * '' Bolma exotica'' (Okutani, 1969) * '' Bolma flava'' Beu & Ponder, 1979 * '' Bolma flindersi'' Tenison Woods, 1877 * '' Bolma fuscolineata'' Alf & Kreipl, 2009 * '' Bolma girgyllus'' (Reeve, 1861) * '' Bolma granosa'' Borson, 1821 * '' Bolma guttata'' (A. Adams, 1863) * '' Bolma henica'' (Watson, 1885) * ''

Bolma jacquelineae ''Bolma jacquelineae'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Description The size of the adult shell varies between 22 mm and 30 mm. Distribution This species is found i ...

'' (Marche-Marchad, 1957) * ''

Bolma johnstoni ''Bolma johnstoni'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Description The shell grows to a length of 37 mm Distribution This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off Sierra L ...

'' (Odhner, 1923) * '' Bolma kermadecensis'' Beau & Ponder, 1979 * '' Bolma kiharai'' Kosuge, 1986 * '' Bolma kreipli'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * '' Bolma maestratii'' Alf & Kreipl, 2009 * '' Bolma mainbaza'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * '' Bolma marshalli'' Thomson, 1908 * '' Bolma martinae'' Kreipl & Alf, 2005 * '' Bolma massieri'' Bozzetti, 1992 * '' Bolma meynardi'' Michelotti, 1847 * '' Bolma microconcha'' Kosuge, 1985 * '' Bolma midwayensis'' (Habe & Kosuge, 1970) * '' Bolma millegranosa'' Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1958 * '' Bolma minuta'' Neubert, 1998 * '' Bolma minutiradiosa'' Kosuge, 1983 * ''

Bolma modesta ''Bolma modesta'', common name the modest bolma, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails. Description The size of the shell varies between 33 mm and 55 mm. The imperforate, ...

'' (Reeve, 1843) * '' Bolma myrica'' Okutani, 2001 * '' Bolma opaoana'' Bouchet & Métivier, 1983 * '' Bolma persica'' (Dall, 1907) * '' Bolma pseudobathyraphis'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * '' Bolma recens''

Dell Dell is an American based technology company. It develops, sells, repairs, and supports computers and related products and services. Dell is owned by its parent company, Dell Technologies. Dell sells personal computers (PCs), servers, data ...

, 1967 * '' Bolma rugosa'' (Linnaeus, 1767) *'' Bolma sabinae'' Alf & Kreipl, 2004 * '' Bolma somaliensis'' Beu & Ponder, 1979 * '' Bolma tamikoana'' (Shikama, 1973) * '' Bolma tantalea'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010 * '' Bolma tayloriana'' (E.A. Smith, 1880) * '' Bolma venusta'' (Okutani, 1969) ; Species brought into synonymy : * ''Bolma christianeae'' Nolf, 2005 : synonym of ''Bolma jacquelineae'' (Marche-Marchad, 1957) * ''Bolma clemenceae'' Bozzetti, 2010: synonym of ''Bolma recens'' (Dell, 1967) * ''Bolma erectospina'' Kosuge, 1983: synonym of ''Bolma persica'' (Dall, 1907) * ''Bolma formosana'' (Shikama, 1977): synonym of ''Bolma millegranosa'' (Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1958) * ''Bolma macandrewii'' (Mørch, 1868): synonym of ''

Anadema macandrewii ''Anadema macandrewii'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Colloniidae, Description The umbilicate, reddish yellow shell has an ovate-conoid, trochiform shape. It is thick, slightly elevated, and below subdep ...

'' (Mörch, 1868) * ''Bolma sunderlandi'' Petuch, 1987: synonym of '' Cantrainea sunderlandi'' (Petuch, 1987) The following species are also included in the Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database OBIS : Bolma
/ref> * 'Bolma (Galeoastraea) asteriola'' (DALL, 1925) Bolma erectospinosa 002

References

* Risso, 1826, Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale, 4: 117 * Sacco, 1896, I Molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria, Parte 21: 19 * Schepman, 1908, Siboga Expeditie, 49a: 27 * Finlay, 1926, Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 57: 367, 373
Beu A. G. & Ponder W. F. (1979). ''A revision of the species of Bolma Risso, 1826 (Gastropoda: Turbinidae)''. Records of the Australian Museum 32 (1): 1-68
* Williams, S.T. (2007). ''Origins and diversification of Indo-West Pacific marine fauna: evolutionary history and biogeography of turban shells (Gastropoda, Turbinidae)''. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 573–592 *Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) ''The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990''. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 1–82, pls 104-245.

External links

* Biodiversity occurrence data provided by: (Accessed through GBIF Data Portal, www.gbif.net, 2009-10-1

Beu A.G. & Ponder W.F. (1979) ''A revision of the species of Bolma Risso, 1826 (Gastropoda: Turbinidae)''. Records of the Australian Museum 32(1): 1-68.
{{Taxonbar, from=Q3168347 Bolma, Turbinidae Gastropod genera Extant Eocene first appearances