Bolma

''Bolma'' is a genus of medium to large sea snails with a calcareous operculum, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2014). Bolma Risso, 1826. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138603 on 2014-08-12

Fossil records

The genus is known from the Eocene to the Recent periods (age range: from 33.9 to 0.0 million years ago). Fossils shells have been found in France, Greece, Japan, Morocco, Spain, Vanuatu, Guam, Cyprus, Greece, South Africa, Spain, Austria, Italy, Slovakia, New Zealand, Australia and Tonga. There are about 5 extinct species.

Description

The central teeth of the radula have no cusps. They have a narrow long basal plate, which is produced above the body of the tooth. The latter is wide, oval, and not reflected above. Its lower margin is not well-defined in my specimens which are, however, not stained. The laterals are of the usual form and bear cusps.

The imperforate shell has a turbinate shape. The spire is conic with whorls rounded at the periphery. The upper whorls are spiny. The base of the shell is convex. The operculum is nearly round with an excentric nucleus. The outside of the shell is polished, concave in the middle, with a convexity or rib upon the center of the spiral.

Distribution

This marine genus has a wide distribution. It occurs in the Red Sea, the Eastern Indian Ocean, the West Pacific, the South China Sea, the East China Sea, and off South Africa, Indo-China, the Philippines, Japan, Indonesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand and Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland).

Species

According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), the following species are included within the genus ''Bolma'' :

* '' Bolma anacanthos'' Beu & Ponder, 1979
* ''Bolma andersoni'' (E.A. Smith, 1902)
* '' Bolma aureola'' (Hedley, 1907)
* '' Bolma austroconica'' Beu & Ponder, 1979
* '' Bolma bartschii'' Dall, 1913
* ''Bolma bathyraphis'' (E. A. Smith, 1899)
* '' Bolma boucheti'' Alf & Kreipl, 2011
* '' Bolma castelinae'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010
* '' Bolma crassigranosa'' Tenison Woods, 1877
* '' Bolma exotica'' (Okutani, 1969)
* '' Bolma flava'' Beu & Ponder, 1979
* '' Bolma flindersi'' Tenison Woods, 1877
* '' Bolma fuscolineata'' Alf & Kreipl, 2009
* '' Bolma girgyllus'' (Reeve, 1861)
* '' Bolma granosa'' Borson, 1821
* '' Bolma guttata'' (A. Adams, 1863)
* '' Bolma henica'' (Watson, 1885)
* ''Bolma jacquelineae'' (Marche-Marchad, 1957)
* ''Bolma johnstoni'' (Odhner, 1923)
* '' Bolma kermadecensis'' Beau & Ponder, 1979
* '' Bolma kiharai'' Kosuge, 1986
* '' Bolma kreipli'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010
* '' Bolma maestratii'' Alf & Kreipl, 2009
* '' Bolma mainbaza'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010
* '' Bolma marshalli'' Thomson, 1908
* '' Bolma martinae'' Kreipl & Alf, 2005
* '' Bolma massieri'' Bozzetti, 1992
* '' Bolma meynardi'' Michelotti, 1847
* '' Bolma microconcha'' Kosuge, 1985
* '' Bolma midwayensis'' (Habe & Kosuge, 1970)
* '' Bolma millegranosa'' Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1958
* '' Bolma minuta'' Neubert, 1998
* '' Bolma minutiradiosa'' Kosuge, 1983
* '' Bolma modesta'' (Reeve, 1843)
* '' Bolma myrica'' Okutani, 2001
* '' Bolma opaoana'' Bouchet & Métivier, 1983
* '' Bolma persica'' (Dall, 1907)
* '' Bolma pseudobathyraphis'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010
* '' Bolma recens'' Dell, 1967
* '' Bolma rugosa'' (Linnaeus, 1767)
*'' Bolma sabinae'' Alf & Kreipl, 2004
* '' Bolma somaliensis'' Beu & Ponder, 1979
* '' Bolma tamikoana'' (Shikama, 1973)
* '' Bolma tantalea'' Alf, Maestrati & Bouchet, 2010
* '' Bolma tayloriana'' (E.A. Smith, 1880)
* '' Bolma venusta'' (Okutani, 1969)

; Species brought into synonymy :
* ''Bolma christianeae'' Nolf, 2005 : synonym of ''Bolma jacquelineae'' (Marche-Marchad, 1957)
* ''Bolma clemenceae'' Bozzetti, 2010: synonym of ''Bolma recens'' (Dell, 1967)
* ''Bolma erectospina'' Kosuge, 1983: synonym of ''Bolma persica'' (Dall, 1907)
* ''Bolma formosana'' (Shikama, 1977): synonym of ''Bolma millegranosa'' (Kuroda & Habe in Habe, 1958)
* ''Bolma macandrewii'' (Mørch, 1868): synonym of '' Anadema macandrewii'' (Mörch, 1868)
* ''Bolma sunderlandi'' Petuch, 1987: synonym of '' Cantrainea sunderlandi'' (Petuch, 1987)

The following species are also included in the Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database OBIS : Bolma
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* 'Bolma (Galeoastraea) asteriola'' (DALL, 1925)

References

* Risso, 1826, Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l'Europe méridionale, 4: 117
* Sacco, 1896, I Molluschi dei terreni terziarii del Piemonte e della Liguria, Parte 21: 19
* Schepman, 1908, Siboga Expeditie, 49a: 27
* Finlay, 1926, Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, 57: 367, 373

Beu A. G. & Ponder W. F. (1979). ''A revision of the species of Bolma Risso, 1826 (Gastropoda: Turbinidae)''. Records of the Australian Museum 32 (1): 1-68
* Williams, S.T. (2007). ''Origins and diversification of Indo-West Pacific marine fauna: evolutionary history and biogeography of turban shells (Gastropoda, Turbinidae)''. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 92, 573–592
*Alf A. & Kreipl K. (2011) ''The family Turbinidae. Subfamilies Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 and Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990''. In: G.T. Poppe & K. Groh (eds), A Conchological Iconography. Hackenheim: Conchbooks. pp. 1–82, pls 104-245.

External links

* Biodiversity occurrence data provided by: (Accessed through GBIF Data Portal, www.gbif.net, 2009-10-1


Beu A.G. & Ponder W.F. (1979) ''A revision of the species of Bolma Risso, 1826 (Gastropoda: Turbinidae)''. Records of the Australian Museum 32(1): 1-68.

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3168347

Bolma,
Turbinidae
Gastropod genera
Extant Eocene first appearances