In
linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It is called a scientific study because it entails a comprehensive, systematic, objective, and precise analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Linguis ...
, Aeolic Greek (), also known as Aeolian (), Lesbian or Lesbic dialect, is the set of
dialects of Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek in classical antiquity, before the development of the common Koine Greek of the Hellenistic period, was divided into several varieties.
Most of these varieties are known only from inscriptions, but a few of them, principally Aeolic ...
spoken mainly in
Boeotia
Boeotia ( ), sometimes Latinized as Boiotia or Beotia ( el, Βοιωτία; modern: ; ancient: ), formerly known as Cadmeis, is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Greece. Its capital is Livadeia, and its lar ...
; in
Thessaly
Thessaly ( el, Θεσσαλία, translit=Thessalía, ; ancient Thessalian: , ) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name. Before the Greek Dark Ages, Thes ...
; in the Aegean island of
Lesbos
Lesbos or Lesvos ( el, Λέσβος, Lésvos ) is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It has an area of with approximately of coastline, making it the third largest island in Greece. It is separated from Anatolia, Asia Minor ...
; and in the
Greek colonies
Greek colonization was an organised colonial expansion by the Archaic Greeks into the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea in the period of the 8th–6th centuries BC.
This colonization differed from the migrations of the Greek Dark Ages in that it ...
of
Aeolis
Aeolis (; grc, Αἰολίς, Aiolís), or Aeolia (; grc, Αἰολία, Aiolía, link=no), was an area that comprised the west and northwestern region of Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey), mostly along the coast, and also several offshore islan ...
in
Anatolia
Anatolia, tr, Anadolu Yarımadası), and the Anatolian plateau, also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula in Western Asia and the westernmost protrusion of the Asian continent. It constitutes the major part of modern-day Turkey. The re ...
and adjoining islands.
The Aeolic dialect shows many
archaism
In language, an archaism (from the grc, ἀρχαϊκός, ''archaïkós'', 'old-fashioned, antiquated', ultimately , ''archaîos'', 'from the beginning, ancient') is a word, a sense of a word, or a style of speech or writing that belongs to a hi ...
s in comparison to the other Ancient Greek dialects (
Arcadocypriot,
Attic
An attic (sometimes referred to as a '' loft'') is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or other building; an attic may also be called a ''sky parlor'' or a garret. Because attics fill the space between the ceiling of the ...
,
Ionic, and
Doric Doric may refer to:
* Doric, of or relating to the Dorians of ancient Greece
** Doric Greek, the dialects of the Dorians
* Doric order, a style of ancient Greek architecture
* Doric mode, a synonym of Dorian mode
* Doric dialect (Scotland)
* Doric ...
varieties), as well as many innovations.
Aeolic Greek is widely known as the language of
Sappho
Sappho (; el, Σαπφώ ''Sapphō'' ; Aeolic Greek ''Psápphō''; c. 630 – c. 570 BC) was an Archaic Greek poet from Eresos or Mytilene on the island of Lesbos. Sappho is known for her Greek lyric, lyric poetry, written to be sung while ...
and of
Alcaeus of Mytilene
Alcaeus of Mytilene (; grc, Ἀλκαῖος ὁ Μυτιληναῖος, ''Alkaios ho Mutilēnaios''; – BC) was a lyric poet from the Greek island of Lesbos who is credited with inventing the Alcaic stanza. He was included in the canonical ...
. Aeolic poetry, which is exemplified in the works of Sappho, mostly uses four classical meters known as the
Aeolics:
Glyconic
Glyconic (from Glycon, a Greek lyric poet) is a form of meter in classical Greek and Latin poetry. The glyconic line is the most basic form of Aeolic verse, and it is often combined with others.
The basic shape (often abbreviated as gl) is as f ...
(the most basic form of Aeolic line),
hendecasyllabic
In poetry, a hendecasyllable (sometimes hendecasyllabic) is a line of eleven syllables. The term may refer to several different poetic meters, the older of which are quantitative and used chiefly in classical (Ancient Greek and Latin) poetry, and ...
verse,
Sapphic stanza
The Sapphic stanza, named after Sappho, is an Aeolic verse form of four lines. Originally composed in quantitative verse and unrhymed, since the Middle Ages imitations of the form typically feature rhyme and accentual prosody. It is "the longes ...
, and
Alcaic stanza The Alcaic stanza is a Greek lyrical meter, an Aeolic verse form traditionally believed to have been invented by Alcaeus, a lyric poet from Mytilene on the island of Lesbos, about 600 BC. The Alcaic stanza and the Sapphic stanza named for Alcaeus' ...
(the latter two are respectively named for Sappho and Alcaeus).
In
Plato
Plato ( ; grc-gre, Πλάτων ; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a Greek philosopher born in Athens during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. He founded the Platonist school of thought and the Academy, the first institution ...
's
''Protagoras'',
Prodicus
Prodicus of Ceos (; grc-gre, Πρόδικος ὁ Κεῖος, ''Pródikos ho Keios''; c. 465 BC – c. 395 BC) was a Greek philosopher, and part of the first generation of Sophists. He came to Athens as ambassador from Ceos, and became known as ...
labelled the Aeolic dialect of
Pittacus of Mytilene
Pittacus (; grc-gre, Πιττακός; 640 – 568 BC) was an ancient Mytilenean military general and one of the Seven Sages of Greece.
Biography
Pittacus was a native of Mytilene and son of Hyrradius. He became a Mytilenaean general who, with ...
as "
barbarian
A barbarian (or savage) is someone who is perceived to be either Civilization, uncivilized or primitive. The designation is usually applied as a generalization based on a popular stereotype; barbarians can be members of any nation judged by som ...
" (''barbaros''), because of its difference from the Attic literary style: "He didn't know to distinguish the words correctly, being from Lesbos, and having been raised with a barbarian dialect".
Phonology
Consonants
Labiovelars
Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo-E ...
and
Proto-Greek
The Proto-Greek language (also known as Proto-Hellenic) is the Indo-European language which was the last common ancestor of all varieties of Greek, including Mycenaean Greek, the subsequent ancient Greek dialects (i.e., Attic, Ionic, Ae ...
''*'' changed to Aeolic ''p'' everywhere. By contrast, PIE ''*'' changed to
Attic
An attic (sometimes referred to as a '' loft'') is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or other building; an attic may also be called a ''sky parlor'' or a garret. Because attics fill the space between the ceiling of the ...
/
Ionic,
Arcadocypriot, and
Doric Doric may refer to:
* Doric, of or relating to the Dorians of ancient Greece
** Doric Greek, the dialects of the Dorians
* Doric order, a style of ancient Greek architecture
* Doric mode, a synonym of Dorian mode
* Doric dialect (Scotland)
* Doric ...
''t'' before ''e'' and ''i''.
* PIE * → Lesbian ''písures'', Boeotian ''péttares'' ~ Attic téttares, Ionic ''tésseres'', Doric ''tétores'' "four"
Similarly PIE/PGk ''*'' always became ''b'' and PIE ''*'' > PGk ''*'' always became ''ph'' (whereas in other dialects they became alternating ''b''/''d'' and ''ph''/''th'' before back/front vowels).
Labiovelars were treated the same way in the
P-Celtic
The Gallo-Brittonic languages, also known as the P-Celtic languages, are a subdivision of the Celtic languages of Ancient Gaul (both '' celtica'' and '' belgica'') and Celtic Britain, which share certain features. Besides common linguistic in ...
languages and the
Sabellic languages
The Osco-Umbrian, Sabellic or Sabellian languages are an extinct group of Italic languages, the Indo-European languages that were spoken in Central and Southern Italy by the Osco-Umbrians before being replaced by Latin, as the power of Ancient Rom ...
.
Sonorant clusters
A Proto-Greek
consonant cluster
In linguistics, a consonant cluster, consonant sequence or consonant compound, is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups and are consonant clusters in the word ''splits''. In the education fie ...
with ''h'' (from Indo-European ) and a sonorant (''r, l, n, m, w, y'') changed to a double sonorant (''rr, ll, nn, mm, ww, yy'') in Lesbian and Thessalian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) by
assimilation. In Attic/Ionic, Doric, and Boeotian Aeolic, the ''h'' assimilated to the vowel before the consonant cluster, causing the vowel to lengthen by
compensatory lengthening
Compensatory lengthening in phonology and historical linguistics is the lengthening of a vowel sound that happens upon the loss of a following consonant, usually in the syllable coda, or of a vowel in an adjacent syllable. Lengthening triggered ...
.
:
PIE
A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough casing that contains a filling of various sweet or savoury ingredients. Sweet pies may be filled with fruit (as in an apple pie), nuts ( pecan pie), brown sugar ( sugar pie), swe ...
''VsR'' or ''VRs'' → Attic/Ionic-Doric-Boeotian ''VVR''.
:
PIE
A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough casing that contains a filling of various sweet or savoury ingredients. Sweet pies may be filled with fruit (as in an apple pie), nuts ( pecan pie), brown sugar ( sugar pie), swe ...
''VsR'' or ''VRs'' → Lesbian-Thessalian ''VRR''.
* PIE * → Proto-Greek ''*ehmi'' → Lesbian-Thessalian ''emmi'' ~ Attic/Ionic ''ēmi'' (= ) "I am"
Loss of h
Lesbian Aeolic lost initial ''h-'' (''
psilosis
Psilosis () is the sound change in which Greek lost the consonant sound /h/ during antiquity. The term comes from the Greek ''psílōsis'' ("smoothing, thinning out") and is related to the name of the smooth breathing (ψιλή ''psilḗ''), ...
'' "stripping") from Proto-Indo-European s- or y-. By contrast, Ionic sometimes retains it, and Attic always retains it.
* PIE * → Proto-Greek *''hāwélios'' → Lesbian ''āélios'', Ionic ''ēélios'' ~ Attic ''hēlios'' "sun"
Retention of w
In Thessalian and Boeotian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) and
Doric Doric may refer to:
* Doric, of or relating to the Dorians of ancient Greece
** Doric Greek, the dialects of the Dorians
* Doric order, a style of ancient Greek architecture
* Doric mode, a synonym of Dorian mode
* Doric dialect (Scotland)
* Doric ...
, the Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek semi-vowel ''w'' (
digamma
Digamma or wau (uppercase: Ϝ, lowercase: ϝ, numeral: ϛ) is an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet. It originally stood for the sound but it has remained in use principally as a Greek numeral for 6. Whereas it was originally called ''waw' ...
) was retained at the beginning of a word.
* PIE → Boeotian, Doric ''wépos'' ~ Attic-Ionic ''épos'' "word", "
epic" (compare Latin ''vōx'' "voice")
Vowels
Long a
In Aeolic and Doric, Proto-Greek long ''ā'' remains. By contrast, in Attic, long ''ā'' changes to long ''ē'' in most cases; in Ionic, it changes everywhere.
* PIE → Aeolic, Doric mātēr ~ Attic/Ionic ''mētēr'' "mother"
Compensatory lengthening
Compensatory lengthening of ''a,e,o'' in Lesbian gives ''ai,ei,oi'' (in Attic, it would be ''ā,ei,ou'') for example in the accusative plural of a and o stem nouns, or in many 3 Pl verb conjugations.
Boeotian
In Boeotian, the vowel-system was, in many cases, changed in a way reminiscent of the modern Greek pronunciation.
* Attic/Ionic ~ Boeotian ~ Modern Greek
* Attic/Ionic ~ Boeotian ~ Modern Greek
* Attic/Ionic ~ Boeotian ~ Mediaeval Greek and Old Athenaean ~ Modern Greek
Accent
In Lesbian Aeolic, the
accent of all words is recessive (''barytonesis''), as is typical only in the verbs of other dialects.
* Attic/Ionic potamós ~ Lesbian pótamos "river"
Morphology
Contracted or vowel-stem verbs that are
thematic in Attic/Ionic are often athematic (''-mi'') in Aeolic.
* Ionic ''philéō'', Attic ''philô'' ~ Aeolic ''phílēmi'' "I love"
Aeolic
athematic
In Indo-European studies, a thematic vowel or theme vowel is the vowel or from ablaut placed before the ending of a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) word. Nouns, adjectives, and verbs in the Indo-European languages with this vowel are thematic, and tho ...
infinitive
Infinitive (abbreviated ) is a linguistics term for certain verb forms existing in many languages, most often used as non-finite verbs. As with many linguistic concepts, there is not a single definition applicable to all languages. The word is deri ...
active
Active may refer to:
Music
* ''Active'' (album), a 1992 album by Casiopea
* Active Records, a record label
Ships
* ''Active'' (ship), several commercial ships by that name
* HMS ''Active'', the name of various ships of the British Royal ...
ends in ''-men'' or (Lesbian) ''-menai''. ~ Attic/Ionic has ''-enai''.
* Lesbian ''émmen, émmenai''; Thessalian, Boeotian ''eîmen'' ~ Attic/Ionic ''eînai'' (
spurious diphthong
A spurious diphthong (or false diphthong) is an Ancient Greek vowel that is etymologically a long vowel but written exactly like a true diphthong (''ei, ou'').
Origin
A spurious diphthong has two origins: from compensatory lengthening of short ...
) "to be"
In the Lesbian dialect this ending also extends to the thematic conjugation, where Attic/Ionic has ''-ein''. All three of these Aeolic endings occur in Homer.
*
Homeric
Homer (; grc, Ὅμηρος , ''Hómēros'') (born ) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the ...
''agémen''
Proto-Greek ''-ans'' and ''-ons'' → ''-ais'' and ''-ois'' (
first- and
second declension The second declension is a category of nouns in Latin and Greek with similar case formation. In particular, these nouns are thematic, with an original ''o'' in most of their forms. In Classical Latin, the short ''o'' of the nominative and accusativ ...
accusative plural) ~ Attic/Ionic -''ās'' and ''-ōs'' (
-ους).
Dative plural ''-aisi'' and ''-oisi'' ~ Attic/Ionic ''-ais'' and ''-ois''.
The participle has ''-ois'' and ''-ais'' for Attic ''-ōs'' (
-ους), ''-ās''.
Glossary
Below it is a list of several words in the Aeolian dialect, written in the Greek alphabet and next to a transcription in the Latin alphabet. Each word is followed by its meaning and compared to similar words in other ancient Greek dialects.
Aeolian
* ' "sun" (also Doric; Attic ''
hēlios''; Cretan ''abelios'';
Laconian ''bela'';
Pamphylian babelios) (
PIE
A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough casing that contains a filling of various sweet or savoury ingredients. Sweet pies may be filled with fruit (as in an apple pie), nuts ( pecan pie), brown sugar ( sugar pie), swe ...
*sawel-)
* ''ágōnos'' "struggle" (Attic agōn; Elean dat. pl. agōnois for agōsi)
* ' gifts sent by kin to Lesbian brides (
Sappho
Sappho (; el, Σαπφώ ''Sapphō'' ; Aeolic Greek ''Psápphō''; c. 630 – c. 570 BC) was an Archaic Greek poet from Eresos or Mytilene on the island of Lesbos. Sappho is known for her Greek lyric, lyric poetry, written to be sung while ...
fr.) (compare
Homeric
Homer (; grc, Ὅμηρος , ''Hómēros'') (born ) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the ...
br>
hedna, eedna
* ''Aiolíōnes'' "
Aeolians
The Aeolians (; el, Αἰολεῖς) were one of the four major tribes in which Greeks divided themselves in the ancient period (along with the Achaeans, Dorians and Ionians)..
Name
Their name mythologically derives from Aeolus, the mythical a ...
" (Attic ''Aioleîs'') (' "speak Aeolic, compose in the
Aeolian mode
The Aeolian mode is a musical mode or, in modern usage, a diatonic scale also called the natural minor scale. On the white piano keys, it is the scale that starts with A. Its ascending interval form consists of a ''key note, whole step, half step ...
, trick out with false words"
Sophocles
Sophocles (; grc, Σοφοκλῆς, , Sophoklễs; 497/6 – winter 406/5 BC)Sommerstein (2002), p. 41. is one of three ancient Greek tragedians, at least one of whose plays has survived in full. His first plays were written later than, or co ...
Fr.912 )
aioleōvary, adorn, diversify
aiolosquick-moving, glittering, shifty)
*
aklades' (unpruned vineyards) (Attic akladeutoi ampeloi)
* ''akontion'' (part of troops) (Attic spear) (
Macedonian ''rhachis'', spine or backbone, anything ridged like the backbone)
* -τος
amenēs' -tos (Attic
ὑμήν humēn) thin skin, membrane.
*
amōnes' (
Attic
An attic (sometimes referred to as a '' loft'') is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or other building; an attic may also be called a ''sky parlor'' or a garret. Because attics fill the space between the ceiling of the ...
ἀνεμώνες
anemones
''Anemone'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family (biology), family Ranunculaceae. Plants of the genus are commonly called windflowers. They are Native plant, native to the Temperate climate, temperate and Subtropics, subtrop ...
*
aoros' (Attic ἄϋπνος ahypnos, without sleep)
Μηθυμναῖοι
*
arpys' (
Attic
An attic (sometimes referred to as a '' loft'') is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or other building; an attic may also be called a ''sky parlor'' or a garret. Because attics fill the space between the ceiling of the ...
ἔρως
Eros
In Greek mythology, Eros (, ; grc, Ἔρως, Érōs, Love, Desire) is the Greek god of love and sex. His Roman counterpart was Cupid ("desire").''Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia'', The Book People, Haydock, 1995, p. 215. In the earli ...
, Love) attested in
Crinagoras, ἁρπάζειν ''harpazein'' to snatch. Homeric
harpaleos' attractive,devouring
*
asphe' to them (Atti
sphe sphi)
*
bakchoa' (Attic βόθρος ''
bothros Bothros (Greek βόθρος, plural ''bothroi'') is the Ancient Greek word for "hole", "pit" or "trench". In contemporary use it can refer to a variety of holes or depressions found at ancient sites and referred to in literature, and has also been u ...
'' sacred dungeon, pit)
*
balla' threshold (Attic bēlos) (Doric balos)
*
belphin'
dolphin
A dolphin is an aquatic mammal within the infraorder Cetacea. Dolphin species belong to the families Delphinidae (the oceanic dolphins), Platanistidae (the Indian river dolphins), Iniidae (the New World river dolphins), Pontoporiidae (the ...
(Attic delphis) and ''Belphoi''
Delphi
Delphi (; ), in legend previously called Pytho (Πυθώ), in ancient times was a sacred precinct that served as the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world. The oracle ...
*
bama' Doric also (Attic βῆμα
bema
A bema was an elevated platform used as an orator's podium in ancient Athens. The term can refer to the raised area in a sanctuary. In Jewish synagogues, where it is used for Torah reading during services, the term used is bima or bimah.
Ancien ...
walking, step)
*
blēr' incitement (Atti
delear
*
bradanizō' brandish, shake off. (Cf.Elean bratana Common rhatane)
*
bradinos' slender, soft (Attic rhadinos) Sapph.90,104.
*
braidion' (
Attic
An attic (sometimes referred to as a '' loft'') is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or other building; an attic may also be called a ''sky parlor'' or a garret. Because attics fill the space between the ceiling of the ...
ῥᾴδιον rhaidion easy)
*
brakein' to understand (dysbrakanon imprehensible)
*
brakos' long robe, Sapph.70 Homeri
ῥάκοςϝράκος rhakos wrakos
*
briza' root (Attic rhiza)
*
brodon' (
Attic
An attic (sometimes referred to as a '' loft'') is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or other building; an attic may also be called a ''sky parlor'' or a garret. Because attics fill the space between the ceiling of the ...
ῥόδον rhodon, rose) and
vagina
In mammals, the vagina is the elastic, muscular part of the female genital tract. In humans, it extends from the vestibule to the cervix. The outer vaginal opening is normally partly covered by a thin layer of mucosal tissue called the hymen ...
metaphorically in Erotic Glossary.
*
brodopachus' with pink, rosy forearms (Attic rhodopechys) ( brodopachun Sappho) an
brododaktulos with rosy fingers
* ''brocheos'' or βρουκέων broukeon (Attic βραχύ brachy short) (Sapph.fr. 2,7)
* ''drasein'' (Attic θύειν to sacrifice)
*
dnophos' darkness Ionic also (Attic zophos) (akin to knephas)
* ''eide'' (
Attic
An attic (sometimes referred to as a '' loft'') is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or other building; an attic may also be called a ''sky parlor'' or a garret. Because attics fill the space between the ceiling of the ...
ὕλη, forest) (εἴδη
Ionian also)
* ''Ennesiades'' Lesbian
Nymphs
A nymph ( grc, νύμφη, nýmphē, el, script=Latn, nímfi, label=Modern Greek; , ) in ancient Greek folklore is a minor female nature deity. Different from Greek goddesses, nymphs are generally regarded as personifications of nature, are typ ...
*
epialtēs' and ''epialēs'' nightmare (Atti
ephialtēs (wiki
Ephialtes
Ephialtes ( grc-gre, Ἐφιάλτης, ''Ephialtēs'') was an ancient Athenian politician and an early leader of the democratic movement there. In the late 460s BC, he oversaw reforms that diminished the power of the Areopagus, a traditional ba ...
)
*
zadelon' with holes in it, open (Attic diadelon obvious) (
Alcaeus 30 D 148P)
*
imbēris' eel (Attic enchelys)
Μηθυμναῖοι
*
iron' holy (Attic hierón) (Doric hiarón) (Ionic hirón)
* ''Issa'' old name of
Lesbos Island
Lesbos or Lesvos ( el, Λέσβος, Lésvos ) is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It has an area of with approximately of coastline, making it the third largest island in Greece. It is separated from Anatolia, Asia Minor ...
Cf.
Antissa
Antissa ( grc, Ἄντισσα) was a city of the island Lesbos (Lesvos), near to Cape Sigrium, the western point of Lesbos. The place had a harbour. The ruins found by Richard Pococke at Calas Limneonas, a little NE. of cape Sigri, may be those ...
*
issasthai' (
Attic
An attic (sometimes referred to as a '' loft'') is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or other building; an attic may also be called a ''sky parlor'' or a garret. Because attics fill the space between the ceiling of the ...
klerousthai to take sth by lot)
*
kankulē' (Attic ''kēkis'' wet,vapour,
mordant
A mordant or dye fixative is a substance used to set (i.e. bind) dyes on fabrics by forming a coordination complex with the dye, which then attaches to the fabric (or tissue). It may be used for dyeing fabrics or for intensifying stains in ...
dyeing)
*
kammarpsis' dry Measure (Attic hemimedimnon, one half of a
medimnos A medimnos ( el, μέδιμνος, ''médimnos'', plural μέδιμνοι, ''médimnoi'') was an Ancient Greek unit of volume, which was generally used to measure dry food grain.In ancient Greece, measures of capacity varied depending on whether th ...
)
*
karabides' (Attic
graes Μηθυμναῖοι
*
kaualeon' Hsch (Attic ''aithos'' fire, burning heat) (Cf.kaiō burn)
*
klaides' Doric also (Atti
kleides bars, bolts, keys)
* ''Mesostrophonia'' Lesbian festival
* ''messui'' (
Attic
An attic (sometimes referred to as a '' loft'') is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or other building; an attic may also be called a ''sky parlor'' or a garret. Because attics fill the space between the ceiling of the ...
ἐν μέσῳ in the middle)
*
molsos' (Attic , fat)
*
xennos' foreigner, guest-friend, strange (Attic xenos) (Ionic xeinos)
*
ximba' (
Attic
An attic (sometimes referred to as a '' loft'') is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or other building; an attic may also be called a ''sky parlor'' or a garret. Because attics fill the space between the ceiling of the ...
ῥοιά rhoia pomegranate-tree) (Boeotia
sida
*
othmata' (Attic ''ommata'' eyes)
*
ón' óna (Attic aná) upon, through, again (
Arcadocypriot also)
*
passyrion' (Attic passydia totally,all together,with the whole army)
*
pedameivō' (Attic metameivo exchange) (πεδέχω pedecho μετέχω metecho), pedoikos
metoikosbr>
pedafor
meta
*
pempe' five (Attic pente,
Pamphylian pede ) ( pempassein to count per five) (Attic ''pempe'' imp. of ''pempō'' send)
*
Perrhamos'
Priamus
In Greek mythology, Priam (; grc-gre, Πρίαμος, ) was the legendary and last king of Troy during the Trojan War. He was the son of Laomedon. His many children included notable characters such as Hector, Paris, and Cassandra.
Etymology
Mo ...
(
Alcaeus 74D,111P (it means also king)
*
pésdos' pedestrian,infantry) (Attic pezós)
*
pesson' plain (Attic pedion)
*
pessyres' four (Lesbian pisyres) (Boeotian pettares) (Attic tessares) (Doric tetores)
*
saōmi' save (Attic sōizō ) (Homeric saoō)
*
siglai' ear-rings (Attic enōtia,
Laconian exōbadia)
*
skiphos' Attic
xiphos
The ''xiphos'' ( grc, ξίφος ; plural ''xiphe'', grc, ξίφη ) is a double-edged, one-handed Iron Age straight shortsword used by the ancient Greeks. It was a secondary battlefield weapon for the Greek armies after the dory or javelin. ...
sword (skiptō, given as etym. of skiphos and xiphos, Sch.Il.1.220; cf. skipei: nussei, it pricks,pierces)
*
spóla'(Attic stolē) equipment, garment (spaleis, the sent one, for staleis)
*
strótos' (Attic stratós) army
*
syrx' (Attic σάρξ flesh) (dative plural σύρκεσιν syrkesi Attic σαρξίν sarxin)
*
tenekounti' (Attic ''enoikounti'' dative singular of enoikōn inhabiting)
*
tragais' you break, grow rough and hoarse and smell like a goat
*
tude' tudai an
tuidehere) (Ionic tēde)
*
usdos' (Attic ozos
twig
A twig is a thin, often short, branch of a tree or bush.
The buds on the twig are an important diagnostic characteristic, as are the abscission scars where the leaves have fallen away. The color, texture, and patterning of the twig bark are ...
, branch)
*
phauophoros' priestess (Attic ''hiereia'') (light-keeper) (Aeoli
phauōfor Homeric ''phaō'' shine) (Homeric ''phaos'' light, Attic ''phōs'' and ''phōtophoros'')
*
phēria' (Attic thēria beasts)
*
Psapphō', (Attic
Sapphō)
Boeotian
*
aas' ''aestēton'' tomorrow (Attic aurion) (Cf.Attic
ēōs dawn)
*
amillakas' wine
Theban (Attic oinos)
*
anōdorkas' a fish
*
baidumēn' (Attic ''arotrian'' to plough)
*
bana' (
balara') woman (Attic ''gunē''); , banēkes
battikeswomen ( Attic gunaikes )
*
bastrax' or bastax (Attic τράχηλος trachēlos neck) pl. bastraches
*
bleerei' (Attic οἰκτείρει he feels pity) Cf. eleairei
*
gadou' ( ''wadou'') (Attic ''hēdú'') (
Corinna
Corinna or Korinna ( grc, Κόριννα, Korinna) was an ancient Greek lyric poet from Tanagra in Boeotia. Although ancient sources portray her as a contemporary of Pindar (born ), not all modern scholars accept the accuracy of this tradition ...
.17)
*
Deus' instead of
Zeus
Zeus or , , ; grc, Δῐός, ''Diós'', label=Genitive case, genitive Aeolic Greek, Boeotian Aeolic and Doric Greek#Laconian, Laconian grc-dor, Δεύς, Deús ; grc, Δέος, ''Déos'', label=Genitive case, genitive el, Δίας, ''D ...
. Attested also in
Laconian and
Rhodian
Rhodes (; el, Ρόδος , translit=Ródos ) is the largest and the historical capital of the Dodecanese islands of Greece. Administratively, the island forms a separate municipality within the Rhodes regional unit, which is part of the So ...
.
*
empyria'
divination
Divination (from Latin ''divinare'', 'to foresee, to foretell, to predict, to prophesy') is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic, standardized process or ritual. Used in various forms throughout histor ...
(Attic manteia) (Hsch. public oath,
Koine ordeal by fire)
*
zekeltides'
gourds
Gourds include the fruits of some flowering plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, particularly ''Cucurbita'' and ''Lagenaria''. The term refers to a number of species and subspecies, many with hard shells, and some without. One of the earli ...
Amerias zakeltides (
Phrygian zelkia vegetables)
* ''idephin'' sweet-voiced. Hsch.: (Atti
hēduphōnon ( Aeolic wad-, ad- )
* ''istake'' scythe (Attic drepanon)
*
iugodromein' (Attic , ekboēthein, and boēdromein, run to help) (
Iungios Thessalian month)
* ''iō'' an
hiōn(Attic egō, I) (hiōnga iōga for egōge)
*
Karaios' Boeotian epithet for Zeus meaning tall,head. Boeotian eponym Karaidas
* ''karoux'' (Attic kēryx herald)
*
kriddemen' (Attic gelan to laugh) (
Strattis Strattis ( grc, Στράττις) was an Athenian comic poet of the Old Comedy. According to the Suda, he flourished later than Callias Schoenion. Therefore, it is likely that his poetry was performed at the 92nd Olympiad, that is, 412 BC.
Stratt ...
fr. 47) Cf. (Cf.Atti
krizōcreak,screech)
*
korilla' little girl (
Koine ''korasion'' from Attic ''korasis'' girl) (
Aetolian
Aetolia ( el, Αἰτωλία, Aἰtōlía) is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, forming the eastern part of the modern regional unit of Aetolia-Acarnania.
Geography
The Achelous River separates Aetolia ...
''korudion'')
*
mēlatas' (Attic poimen shepherd) (
homeric
Homer (; grc, Ὅμηρος , ''Hómēros'') (born ) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the ...
mēlonsheep) (Atti
mēlonapple, Aeolic-Doric ''malon'')
*
mnarion' (Attic
kallyntron' broom, brush)
*
opisthotila' (Attic sēpia
cuttlefish
Cuttlefish or cuttles are marine molluscs of the order Sepiida. They belong to the class Cephalopoda which also includes squid, octopuses, and nautiluses. Cuttlefish have a unique internal shell, the cuttlebone, which is used for control of ...
) (
Strattis Strattis ( grc, Στράττις) was an Athenian comic poet of the Old Comedy. According to the Suda, he flourished later than Callias Schoenion. Therefore, it is likely that his poetry was performed at the 92nd Olympiad, that is, 412 BC.
Stratt ...
. fr. 47,3) (squirts its liquor from behind)
* ''opittomai'' (
homeric
Homer (; grc, Ὅμηρος , ''Hómēros'') (born ) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the ...
br>
opizomaiI care,respect) (
Laconian opiddomai)
*
ophrygnai' (Attic
ophryazei' he winks raising the eyebrow, is haughty)
*
seia' I persecuted (Attic ''edioxa'') (Cf.Homeri
seuōmove quickly, chase)
*
syoboiōtoi'
Hog-
Boeotia
Boeotia ( ), sometimes Latinized as Boiotia or Beotia ( el, Βοιωτία; modern: ; ancient: ), formerly known as Cadmeis, is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the region of Central Greece. Its capital is Livadeia, and its lar ...
ns (
Cratinus
Cratinus ( grc-gre, Κρατῖνος; 519 BC – 422 BC) was an Athenian comic poet of the Old Comedy.
Life
Cratinus was victorious 27 known times, eight times at the City Dionysia, first probably in the mid-to-late 450s BCE (IG II2 2325. 50), ...
.310)
*
tripeza' (Attic trapeza,table)(fro
tetrapezafour-footed) (''tripeza'' three-footed) (in Aeolic it would-be ''tripesda'')
*
psōsmata' Boeotian word acc.
Aristonymus Aristonymus of Athens ( el, Ἀριστώνυμος) was sent by Plato to reform the constitution of the Arcadians. Aristonymus was the father of Clitophon.
Sources
*Plato, '' Republic,'' 328b
*Plutarch
Plutarch (; grc-gre, Πλούταρ ...
Thessalian
*
abremēs' (Attic ablepēs unworthy seeing, despicable (
Cypriotic
Arcadocypriot, or southern Achaeans (tribe), Achaean, was an ancient Greek dialects, ancient Greek dialect spoken in Arcadia (ancient region), Arcadia in the central Peloponnese and in Cyprus. Its resemblance to Mycenaean Greek, as it is known f ...
also) (Hes. text
*
agora' (Attic limen port, harbour) (Hes. text
*
alphinia'
white poplar White poplar is a common name used to refer to several trees in the genus ''Populus'', including:
* ''Populus alba'', native to Eurasia
* '' Populus grandidentata'', bigtooth aspen
* ''Populus tremuloides
''Populus tremuloides'' is a deciduous ...
(
PIE
A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough casing that contains a filling of various sweet or savoury ingredients. Sweet pies may be filled with fruit (as in an apple pie), nuts ( pecan pie), brown sugar ( sugar pie), swe ...
*albho- 'white') (Attic leukē, PIE *leuk- 'bright, light') (
Macedonian aliza)
*
Aploun'
Apollo
Apollo, grc, Ἀπόλλωνος, Apóllōnos, label=genitive , ; , grc-dor, Ἀπέλλων, Apéllōn, ; grc, Ἀπείλων, Apeílōn, label=Arcadocypriot Greek, ; grc-aeo, Ἄπλουν, Áploun, la, Apollō, la, Apollinis, label= ...
(Attic Apollōn) (Doric,
Pamphylian Apelon)
* ''aspaleia'' safeness (Attic asphaleia)
*
astralos' (Attic ψάρ -ος psar
Starling
Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds in the family Sturnidae. The Sturnidae are named for the genus ''Sturnus'', which in turn comes from the Latin word for starling, ''sturnus''. Many Asian species, particularly the larger ones, ...
)
*
bebukousthai' to be
swollen
Edema, also spelled oedema, and also known as fluid retention, dropsy, hydropsy and swelling, is the build-up of fluid in the body's tissue. Most commonly, the legs or arms are affected. Symptoms may include skin which feels tight, the area ma ...
(Homeric buktaon blowing)
*
bousia' (Attic γογγυλίδι gongylidi
turnip
The turnip or white turnip (''Brassica rapa'' subsp. ''rapa'') is a root vegetable commonly grown in temperate climates worldwide for its white, fleshy taproot. The word ''turnip'' is a compound of ''turn'' as in turned/rounded on a lathe and ' ...
)
* ''dámossos'' public (Attic dēmósios) opp. ''iddioûstikos'' privative (Attic idiōtikós)
*
daratos' Thessalian bread (
Macedonian dramis) (Athamanian dramix) (PIE *der- cut,split)
*
despoina' woman (Attic gunē, Doric guna) (fem. of
despotes
Despot or ''despotes'' ( grc-gre, δεσπότης, despótēs, lord, master) was a senior Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy, court title that was bestowed on the sons or sons-in-law of reigning emperors, and initi ...
)
*
enormos' (
agora
The agora (; grc, ἀγορά, romanized: ', meaning "market" in Modern Greek) was a central public space in ancient Greek city-states. It is the best representation of a city-state's response to accommodate the social and political order of t ...
, assembly, market and
chōra) (Atti
enormeōget in a harbour
hormosbay, anchorage
* ''ereas'' children (Hsch.Attic tekna) (Homeri
ernosyoung sprout, scion) (Neo-
Phrygian eiroi children)
*
theanoustai' (Attic
xysters)
*
itheiē' (Attic hamaxitos chariot-road) (Homeric Ψ 580) (Attic ithys, eytheia straight line)
* ''impsas'' past participle of impto (Attic ζεύξας zeuxas zeugnymi join together) (Ἴμψιος Impsios Ποσειδῶν ὁ ζύγιος
Poseidon
Poseidon (; grc-gre, Ποσειδῶν) was one of the Twelve Olympians in ancient Greek religion and myth, god of the sea, storms, earthquakes and horses.Burkert 1985pp. 136–139 In pre-Olympian Bronze Age Greece, he was venerated as a ch ...
Zygius on horses)
*
kalaphos' (Attic ἀσκάλαφος,
Ascalaphus
The name Ascalaphus (; Ancient Greek: Ἀσκάλαφος ''Askalaphos'') is shared by two people in Greek mythology:
* Ascalaphus, son of Acheron and Orphne.
* Ascalaphus, son of Ares and Astyoche.Homer, ''Iliad'' 13.518
Notes
Refere ...
a bird (
Magnesian)
*
kapanē' chariot (Attic apēnē) also, a helme
kapanikosplenteous
*
kis' who, anyone (Attic tis) (Laconian tir) (Arcadocypriot sis)
*
karpaia' Thessalo-Macedonian mimic military dance (see also
Carpaea)
Homeric
Homer (; grc, Ὅμηρος , ''Hómēros'') (born ) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the ...
br>
karpalimosswift (for foot) eager,ravenous.
*
kyrrhos' or kyrros sir, master (Attic
kyrios
''Kyrios'' or ''kurios'' ( grc, κύριος, kū́rios) is a Greek word which is usually translated as "lord" or "master". It is used in the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew scriptures about 7000 times, in particular translating the nam ...
)
* ''Maketoun'' 'Macedonian man' (Attic Makedōn) (Thessalian ''-oun'' suffix for Attic ''ōn'' in both nominative and genitive of participles,pronouns and nouns.
*
mattuē' a meat-dessert of Macedonian or Thessalian origin (Athenaeus) (
Macedonian ''mattuēs'' a kind of bird)
* ''nealeis'' new-comers, newly caught ones (Cf
nealeisneēludes
*
[ Magnesia — ]Demetrias
Demetrias ( grc, Δημητριάς) was a Greek city in Magnesia in ancient Thessaly (east central Greece), situated at the head of the Pagasaean Gulf, near the modern city of Volos.
History
It was founded in 294 BCE by Demetrius Polior ...
— late 2nd century B
/ref> ''nebeuō'' pray ( Macedonian neuō) (Attic euchomai, neuō wink)
* ''onala'', ''onalouma'' (Atti
analōma
expense cost) ( ''on-'' in the place of Attic prefix wiktionary:ἀνά, ana-, ''ongrapsantas'' SEG 27:202
*''
Pétthalos
and (Boeotian Phéttalos) (Attic Thettalós) ( Ionic, Koine Thessalós) 'Thesalian man' ( ''Petthalia'' Thessalia) (''Petthaloi'' Thessalians) (Koine ''thessalisti'' the thessalian way) ( Attic
entethettalizomai
' become a Thessalian, i.e. wear the large Thessalian cloak ( Thettalika ptera ''feathers'' ), Eupolis
Eupolis ( grc-gre, Εὔπολις; c. 446c. 411 BC) was an Athenian poet of the Old Comedy, who flourished during the time of the Peloponnesian War.
Biography
Nothing whatsoever is known of his personal history. His father was named Sosipolis. ...
.201. )
*
tageuō
' to be tagos archon
''Archon'' ( gr, ἄρχων, árchōn, plural: ἄρχοντες, ''árchontes'') is a Greek word that means "ruler", frequently used as the title of a specific public office. It is the masculine present participle of the verb stem αρχ-, mean ...
in Thessaly
See also
*Aeolus
In Greek mythology, Aeolus or Aiolos (; grc, Αἴολος , ) is a name shared by three mythical characters. These three personages are often difficult to tell apart, and even the ancient mythographers appear to have been perplexed about which A ...
*Sappho
Sappho (; el, Σαπφώ ''Sapphō'' ; Aeolic Greek ''Psápphō''; c. 630 – c. 570 BC) was an Archaic Greek poet from Eresos or Mytilene on the island of Lesbos. Sappho is known for her Greek lyric, lyric poetry, written to be sung while ...
*Alcaeus of Mytilene
Alcaeus of Mytilene (; grc, Ἀλκαῖος ὁ Μυτιληναῖος, ''Alkaios ho Mutilēnaios''; – BC) was a lyric poet from the Greek island of Lesbos who is credited with inventing the Alcaic stanza. He was included in the canonical ...
* Ancient Macedonian language
*Hesychius of Alexandria
Hesychius of Alexandria ( grc, Ἡσύχιος ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς, Hēsýchios ho Alexandreús, lit=Hesychios the Alexandrian) was a Greek grammarian who, probably in the 5th or 6th century AD,E. Dickey, Ancient Greek Scholarship (2007 ...
References
Further reading
*Bakker, Egbert J., ed. 2010. ''A companion to the Ancient Greek language.'' Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
*Bowie, Angus M. 1981. ''The poetic dialect of Sappho and Alcaeus.'' New York: Arno.
*Christidis, Anastasios-Phoivos, ed. 2007. ''A history of Ancient Greek: From the beginnings to Late Antiquity.'' Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
*Colvin, Stephen C. 2007. ''A historical Greek reader: Mycenaean to the koiné.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.
*Horrocks, Geoffrey. 2010. ''Greek: A history of the language and its speakers.'' 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
*Page, Denis L. 1953. ''Corinna.'' London: Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies.
*Palmer, Leonard R. 1980. ''The Greek language.'' London: Faber & Faber.
*West, Martin L. 1990. "Dating Corinna." ''Classical Quarterly'' 40 (2): 553–57.
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Varieties of Ancient Greek
Languages of ancient Thessaly
Culture of ancient Thessaly
Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
Languages attested from the 8th century BC
Languages extinct in the 3rd century BC