''Bluenose'' was a fishing and racing
gaff rig
Gaff rig is a sailing rig (configuration of sails, mast and stays) in which the sail is four-cornered, fore-and-aft rigged, controlled at its peak and, usually, its entire head by a spar (pole) called the ''gaff''. Because of the size and shap ...
schooner
A schooner () is a type of sailing vessel defined by its rig: fore-and-aft rigged on all of two or more masts and, in the case of a two-masted schooner, the foremast generally being shorter than the mainmast. A common variant, the topsail schoon ...
built in 1921 in Lunenburg,
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia ( ; ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland".
Most of the population are native Eng ...
, Canada. A celebrated racing ship and fishing vessel, ''Bluenose'' under the command of
Angus Walters
Angus James Walters (9 June 1881 – 11 August 1968) was a sailor and sea captain who skippered '' Bluenose'' (which appears on the Canadian dime) from 1921 to 1938. Walters captained ''Bluenose'' to five international sailing races, and was un ...
, became a provincial icon for Nova Scotia and an important Canadian symbol in the 1930s, serving as a working vessel until she was wrecked in 1946. Nicknamed the "Queen of the North Atlantic",
[Robinson, pp. 4–5] she was later commemorated by a
replica
A 1:1 replica is an exact copy of an object, made out of the same raw materials, whether a molecule, a work of art, or a commercial product. The term is also used for copies that closely resemble the original, without claiming to be identical. Al ...
, ''
Bluenose II
''Bluenose II'' is a replica of the fishing and racing schooner '' Bluenose'', commissioned by Sidney Culverwell Oland and built in 1963 as a promotional yacht for Oland Brewery. Sidney Oland donated the schooner to Nova Scotia in 1971 and it h ...
'', built in 1963. The name ''Bluenose'' originated as a nickname for Nova Scotians from as early as the late 18th century.
Design and description
Designed by
William James Roué
William James Roué (April 27, 1879 – January 14, 1970) was a naval architect famous for his design of the ''Bluenose'' fishing schooner, which sailed to victory in the Halifax Herald International Fisherman's competition in 1921, 1922, 1923, 19 ...
, the vessel was intended for both fishing and racing duties. Intended to compete with American schooners for speed, the design that Roué originally drafted in autumn 1920 had a
waterline length
A vessel's length at the waterline (abbreviated to L.W.L)Note: originally Load Waterline Length is the length of a ship or boat at the level where it sits in the water (the ''waterline''). The LWL will be shorter than the length of the boat over ...
of which was too long for the competition. Sent back to redesign the schooner, Roué produced a revised outline. The accepted revisal placed the inside ballast on top of the
keel
The keel is the bottom-most longitudinal structural element on a vessel. On some sailboats, it may have a hydrodynamic and counterbalancing purpose, as well. As the laying down of the keel is the initial step in the construction of a ship, in Br ...
to ensure that it was as low as possible, improving the overall speed of the vessel. One further alteration to the revised design took place during construction. The
bow was raised by to allow more room in the
forecastle
The forecastle ( ; contracted as fo'c'sle or fo'c's'le) is the upper deck of a sailing ship forward of the foremast, or, historically, the forward part of a ship with the sailors' living quarters. Related to the latter meaning is the phrase " be ...
for the crew to eat and sleep. The alteration was approved of by Roué. The change increased the
sheer in the vessel's bow, giving the schooner a unique appearance.
The design, that was accepted and later built was a combination of the designs of both Nova Scotian and American shipbuilders had been constructing for the
North Atlantic
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the "Old World" of Africa, Europe and ...
fishing fleet. The vessel was constructed of Nova Scotian
pine
A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus ''Pinus'' () of the family Pinaceae. ''Pinus'' is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. The World Flora Online created by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden accep ...
,
spruce
A spruce is a tree of the genus ''Picea'' (), a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae, found in the northern temperate and boreal (taiga) regions of the Earth. ''Picea'' is the sole genus in the subfami ...
,
birch
A birch is a thin-leaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus ''Betula'' (), in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams. It is closely related to the beech-oak family Fagaceae. The genus ''Betula'' contains 30 ...
and
oak
An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' (; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 500 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably ''L ...
and the masts were created from
Oregon pine
The Douglas fir (''Pseudotsuga menziesii'') is an evergreen conifer species in the pine family, Pinaceae. It is native to western North America and is also known as Douglas-fir, Douglas spruce, Oregon pine, and Columbian pine. There are thre ...
. ''Bluenose'' had a
displacement
Displacement may refer to:
Physical sciences
Mathematics and Physics
* Displacement (geometry), is the difference between the final and initial position of a point trajectory (for instance, the center of mass of a moving object). The actual path ...
of and was
long overall
__NOTOC__
Length overall (LOA, o/a, o.a. or oa) is the maximum length of a vessel's hull measured parallel to the waterline. This length is important while docking the ship. It is the most commonly used way of expressing the size of a ship, an ...
and at the waterline. The vessel had a
beam
Beam may refer to:
Streams of particles or energy
*Light beam, or beam of light, a directional projection of light energy
**Laser beam
*Particle beam, a stream of charged or neutral particles
**Charged particle beam, a spatially localized grou ...
of and a
draught of .
[Robinson, p. 31]
The schooner carried of sail. ''Bluenose''s mainmast reached above
deck and the schooner's foremast reached . Her mainboom was and the schooner's foreboom was .
[ The vessel had a crew of 20 and her hull was painted black.][ The vessel cost $35,000 to build.][Robinson, p. 72][Adjusted for inflation to 20 dollars, $.]
Career
''Bluenose'' was constructed by Smith and Rhuland
Smith & Rhuland was a shipyard located in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, Canada. The yard was originally opened in 1900 and was the builder of the esteemed ''Bluenose
''Bluenose'' was a fishing and racing gaff rig schooner built in 1921 in Lunenbu ...
in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia. The schooner's keel was laid in 1920. The Governor General
Governor-general (plural ''governors-general''), or governor general (plural ''governors general''), is the title of an office-holder. In the context of governors-general and former British colonies, governors-general are appointed as viceroy t ...
the Duke of Devonshire
Duke of Devonshire is a title in the Peerage of England held by members of the Cavendish family. This (now the senior) branch of the Cavendish family has been one of the wealthiest British aristocratic families since the 16th century and has b ...
drove a golden spike into the timber during the keel-laying ceremony. She was launched on 26 March 1921, and christened by Audrey Smith, daughter of the shipbuilding Richard Smith. She was built to be a racing ship and fishing vessel, in response to the defeat of the Nova Scotian fishing schooner by the Gloucester, Massachusetts
Gloucester () is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, in the United States. It sits on Cape Ann and is a part of Massachusetts's North Shore. The population was 29,729 at the 2020 U.S. Census. An important center of the fishing industry and a ...
fishing schooner in 1920, in a race sponsored by the ''Halifax Herald
''The Chronicle Herald'' is a broadsheet newspaper published in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada owned by SaltWire Network of Halifax.
The paper's newsroom staff were locked out of work from January 2016 until August 2017. ''Herald'' management cont ...
'' newspaper.
''Bluenose'' was completed in April 1921 and performed her sea trials
A sea trial is the testing phase of a watercraft (including boats, ships, and submarines). It is also referred to as a "shakedown cruise" by many naval personnel. It is usually the last phase of construction and takes place on open water, and i ...
out of Lunenburg. On 15 April, the schooner departed to fish for the first time.[Robinson, p. 32] ''Bluenose'', being a Lunenburg schooner, used the dory trawl method. Lunenburg schooners carried eight dories
A dory is a small, shallow-draft boat, about long. It is usually a lightweight boat with high sides, a flat bottom and sharp bows. It is easy to build because of its simple lines. For centuries, the dory has been used as a traditional fishin ...
, each manned by two members of the crew, called dorymen. From the dories, lines of strong twine up to long which had lines with hooks on the end spaced every were released, supported at either end by buoys which acted as markers. The dorymen would haul in the catch and then return to the ship. This was done up to four times a day. The fishing season stretched from April to September and schooners stayed up to eight weeks at a time or until their holds were full.
''Bluenose''s captain and part owner for most of her fishing and racing career was Angus Walters
Angus James Walters (9 June 1881 – 11 August 1968) was a sailor and sea captain who skippered '' Bluenose'' (which appears on the Canadian dime) from 1921 to 1938. Walters captained ''Bluenose'' to five international sailing races, and was un ...
. As Walters only had master's papers for home waters, ''Bluenose'' in some international races was sometimes under the command of the deepsea Lunenburg captain George Myra until the schooner reached the racing port. The crew of ''Bluenose'' during her fishing career were mostly from Lunenburg but also included several Newfoundlanders. Crew were paid either by the size of the catch when they returned to port or some took a share in the vessel, known as a "sixty-fourth".
Racing
After a season fishing on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland
The Grand Banks of Newfoundland are a series of underwater plateaus south-east of the island of Newfoundland on the North American continental shelf. The Grand Banks are one of the world's richest fishing grounds, supporting Atlantic cod, swordf ...
under the command of Angus Walters, ''Bluenose'' set out to take part in her first International Fisherman's Cup
The ''Esperanto'' was a fishing schooner based in Gloucester, Massachusetts.
''Esperanto'' was designed by Thomas F. McManus of Boston and built by James and Tarr Shipbuilders of Essex, Massachusetts. She was launched on June 27, 1906, and meas ...
. The International Fisherman's Cup was awarded to the fastest fishing schooner that worked in the North Atlantic deepsea fishing industry. The fastest schooner had to win two out of three races in order to claim the trophy. The Canadian elimination race to determine who would represent Canada in the 1921 International Fishermen's Trophy race off Halifax, Nova Scotia
Halifax is the capital and largest municipality of the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, and the largest municipality in Atlantic Canada. As of the 2021 Census, the municipal population was 439,819, with 348,634 people in its urban area. The ...
took place in early October. A best two-out-of-three competition, ''Bluenose'' won the first two races easily. ''Bluenose'' then defeated the American challenger ''Elsie'', for the International Fishermen's Trophy, returning it to Nova Scotia in October 1921. The following year, ''Bluenose'' defeated the American challenger ''Henry S. Ford'', this time in American waters off Gloucester. ''Henry S. Ford'' had been constructed in 1921 based on a design intended to defeat ''Bluenose''.
In 1923, ''Bluenose'' faced ''Columbia'', another American yacht newly designed and constructed to defeat the Canadian schooner. The International Fishermen's Trophy race was held off Halifax in 1923 and new rules were put in place preventing ships from passing marker buoys to landward. During the first race, the two schooners duelled inshore, the rigging of the vessels coming together. However, ''Bluenose'' won the first race. During the second race, ''Bluenose'' broke the new rule and was declared to have lost the race. Angus Walters protested the decision and demanded that no vessel be declared winner. The judging committee rejected his protest, which led Walters to remove ''Bluenose'' from the competition. The committee declared the competition a tie, and the two vessels shared the prize money and the title. The anger over the events led to an eight-year hiatus in the race.
In 1925, a group of Halifax businessmen ordered the construction of a schooner designed to defeat ''Bluenose''. ''Haligonian'' was launched that year and a race was organized between the two ships. However, while returning to port with her catch, ''Haligonian'' ran aground in the Strait of Canso. The vessel required repairs and the race with ''Bluenose'' was cancelled. In 1926, a new race was organized, which ''Bluenose'' won easily. A new American schooner was designed and built in 1929–1930 to defeat ''Bluenose''. '' Gertrude L. Thebaud''. She was the last schooner of her type constructed for the fishing fleet in Gloucester.[Robinson, p. 58] In 1930 off Gloucester, Massachusetts, ''Bluenose'' was defeated 2–0 in the inaugural Sir Thomas Lipton International Fishing Challenge Cup. The second race was controversial, as it was called off due to weather issues both times ''Bluenose'' took the lead. The following year, ''Gertrude L. Thebaud'' challenged ''Bluenose'' for the International Fisherman's Trophy. ''Bluenose'' won handily, beating the American schooner in both races.
Fishing schooners became obsolete during the 1930s, displaced by motor schooners and trawlers. Salt cod
Dried and salted cod, sometimes referred to as salt cod or saltfish or salt dolly, is cod which has been preserved by drying after salting. Cod which has been dried without the addition of salt is stockfish. Salt cod was long a major export o ...
, the main fishing industry in the North Atlantic had been surpassed by the fresh fish industry requiring faster vessels.[ In 1933, ''Bluenose'' was invited to the ]World's Fair
A world's fair, also known as a universal exhibition or an expo, is a large international exhibition designed to showcase the achievements of nations. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in different parts of the world at a specif ...
in Chicago
(''City in a Garden''); I Will
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, map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago
, coordinates =
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, subdivision_name ...
, stopping in Toronto
Toronto ( ; or ) is the capital city of the Canadian province of Ontario. With a recorded population of 2,794,356 in 2021, it is the most populous city in Canada and the fourth most populous city in North America. The city is the ancho ...
on her return voyage. In 1935, ''Bluenose'' sailed to Plymouth
Plymouth () is a port city and unitary authority in South West England. It is located on the south coast of Devon, approximately south-west of Exeter and south-west of London. It is bordered by Cornwall to the west and south-west.
Plymouth ...
after being invited as part of the Silver Jubilee of King George V
George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until Death and state funeral of George V, his death in 1936.
Born duri ...
. During her visit, she took part in a race with schooner-yacht
A yacht is a sailing or power vessel used for pleasure, cruising, or racing. There is no standard definition, though the term generally applies to vessels with a cabin intended for overnight use. To be termed a , as opposed to a , such a pleasu ...
s, specifically designed for racing. ''Bluenose'' came third. On her return trip to Nova Scotia, ''Bluenose'' encountered a strong gale that lasted for three days. Enough damage was done to the schooner that ''Bluenose'' was forced to return to Plymouth to effect repairs. She was made seaworthy enough to sail to Lunenburg where further repairs were done. In 1936, ''Bluenose'' had diesel engine
The diesel engine, named after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression; thus, the diesel engine is a so-call ...
s installed and topmasts removed to allow the schooner to remain on the fishing grounds year-round.
In 1937, ''Bluenose'' was challenged once more by the American schooner ''Gertrude L. Thebaud'' in a best-of-five series of races for the International Fisherman's Trophy. However, the financial difficulties of the owners of ''Bluenose'' almost prevented the race from going ahead. Furthermore, ''Bluenose''s sailing gear had been placed in storage after the schooner had been refitted with diesel engines. It was only with the intervention of American private interests that ''Bluenose'' was made ready for the race. Beginning on 9 October 1938, the first race, off Boston
Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...
, was won by ''Gertrude L. Thebaud''. ''Bluenose'' won the second which was sailed off Gloucester, but a protest over the ballast aboard ''Bluenose'' led to modifications to the schooner. She was found to be too long at the waterline for the competition. The alterations completed, ''Bluenose'' won the third race sailed off Gloucester, by an even greater margin than the second race. During the fourth race sailed off Boston, the topmast of ''Bluenose'' snapped, which contributed to ''Gertrude L. Thebuad''s win. The fifth race, sailed off Gloucester was won by ''Bluenose'', retaining the trophy for the Nova Scotians. This was the last race of the fishing schooners of the North Atlantic.
Coastal trade and fate
During World War ll, ''Bluenose'' remained at dock in Lunenburg. No longer profitable, the vessel was sold to the West Indies Trading Company in 1942. The vessel was once again stripped of masts and rigging and converted into a coastal freighter for work in the Caribbean Sea, carrying various cargoes between the islands. Laden with bananas, she struck a coral reef off Île à Vache, Haiti on 28 January 1946. Wrecked beyond repair, with no loss of life, the schooner was abandoned on the reef. The vessel broke apart on the reef.
Various divers and film makers have claimed to have found the wreck of ''Bluenose'', most recently in June 2005 by divers from the Caribbean Marine Institute searching for Henry Morgan
Sir Henry Morgan ( cy, Harri Morgan; – 25 August 1688) was a privateer, plantation owner, and, later, Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica. From his base in Port Royal, Jamaica, he raided settlements and shipping on the Spanish Main, becoming wea ...
's ship . However, the large number of wrecks on the reef at Île à Vache and the scattered condition of the wreckage has made identification difficult.
Fame and commemoration
''Bluenose'', under full sail, is portrayed on the Bluenose postage stamp 50-cent issued by the Canadian government on 6 January 1929. ''Bluenose'' has been featured on a 1982 60-cent stamp that commemorated the International Philatelic Youth Exhibition. ''Bluenose'' is featured on a 1988 37-cent issue that celebrated ''Bluenose'' skipper Angus Walters.
''Bluenose'' also appears on the current Nova Scotia license plate
A vehicle registration plate, also known as a number plate (British English), license plate (American English), or licence plate (Canadian English), is a metal or plastic plate attached to a motor vehicle or trailer for official identificatio ...
. The fishing schooner on the Canadian dime, added in 1937 at the height of fame for ''Bluenose'', was actually based on a composite image of ''Bluenose'' and two other schooners, but has for years been commonly known as ''Bluenose''. In 2002, the government of Canada declared the depiction on the dime to be ''Bluenose''.
''Bluenose'' appears on a 2021 commemorative silver dollar issued by the Royal Canadian Mint
}) is the mint of Canada and a Crown corporation, operating under the ''Royal Canadian Mint Act''. The shares of the Mint are held in trust for the Crown in right of Canada.
The Mint produces all of Canada's circulation coins, and manufacture ...
, in honour of its centennial. The obverse of the coin depicts King George V
George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936.
Born during the reign of his grandmother Que ...
, who was Canada's head of state in 1921.
''Bluenose'' and her captain, Angus Walters, were included into the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame
Canada's Sports Hall of Fame (french: Panthéon des sports canadiens; sometimes referred to as the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame) is a Canadian sports hall of fame and museum in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Dedicated to the history of sports in Canada, ...
in 1955, making her the first and only non-human inductee until 1960, when she was joined by Canadian hydroplane champion ''Miss Supertest III
''Miss Supertest III'' was a hydroplane designed and built by Canadians that won the 1959 Detroit Memorial Regatta and the 1959, 1960 and 1961 Harmsworth Cup races—the only four races she ever entered. She was the only three-time Harmsworth Cup ...
''. That same year another honour was bestowed upon the sailing ship when a new Canadian National Railways
The Canadian National Railway Company (french: Compagnie des chemins de fer nationaux du Canada) is a Canadian Class I railroad, Class I freight railway headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, which serves Canada and the Midwestern United States, M ...
passenger-vehicle ferry
A ferry is a ship, watercraft or amphibious vehicle used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo, across a body of water. A passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi ...
for the inaugural Yarmouth-Bar Harbor
Bar Harbor is a resort town on Mount Desert Island in Hancock County, Maine, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population is 5,089. During the summer and fall seasons, it is a popular tourist destination and, until a catastrophic fire ...
service was launched as MV ''Bluenose''.
Well-known Canadian folk singer Stan Rogers wrote a song entitled "Bluenose" celebrating the ship. It appears on his albums '' Turnaround'' and '' Home in Halifax'' (live).
Replicas
''Bluenose II''
In 1963, a replica of ''Bluenose'' was built at Lunenburg using the original ''Bluenose'' plans and named ''Bluenose II
''Bluenose II'' is a replica of the fishing and racing schooner '' Bluenose'', commissioned by Sidney Culverwell Oland and built in 1963 as a promotional yacht for Oland Brewery. Sidney Oland donated the schooner to Nova Scotia in 1971 and it h ...
''. The replica was built by Smith and Rhuland, sponsored by the Oland Company. Used as a marketing tool for Oland Brewery Schooner Lager
{{refimprove, date=July 2021
Schooner is a regional lager style beer of the eastern Canadian provinces. It has an alcohol content of 5.0% ABV and is brewed at the Oland Brewery in Halifax, Nova Scotia.
History
First brewed by sailing enthusia ...
beer brand and as a pleasure yacht for the Olands family. ''Bluenose II'' was sold to the government of Nova Scotia in 1971 for the sum of $1 or 10 Canadian dimes. The replica schooner is used for tourism promotion as a "sailing ambassador". In honour of her predecessor's racing record, ''Bluenose II'' does not officially race. The replica has undergone several refits to extend her life. This vessel was decommissioned and dismantled in 2010, and an entirely new ''Bluenose'' (also named ''Bluenose II'', since Transport Canada deemed it a "reconstruction") was built as close to the original schooner deemed necessary and launched in Lunenburg in 2013. Various subcomponents for this ''Bluenose II'' project were supplied from notable firms including the ships keel at Snyder's Shipyard in Dayspring, the ships backbone of laminated ribs at Covey Island Boatworks in Riverport and assembly of the vessel in Lunenburg. Much controversy has surrounded the vessel due to overspending on the "refit". After further repairs ownership of the restored ''Bluenose II'' was returned to the province of Nova Scotia and she began a tour of Nova Scotia ports in the summer of 2015.
''Bluenose II'' spends much of the year tied up at the Lunenburg Foundry wharf in its home port of Old Town Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, a UNESCO World Heritage site and origin of its predecessor. In the summer, the schooner tours the Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, routinely stopping in ports across Nova Scotia, as well as Montreal, Quebec City and many ports of call in the United States, serving as a goodwill ambassador and promoting tourism in Nova Scotia. In the summer months, the schooner also offers onboard tours and harbour cruises.
In the summer of 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, ''Bluenose II'' restricted its summer tour to Nova Scotia ports. The schooner's 20-person crew formed a Bluenose quarantine bubble for training, maintenance and sailing, and its visits to ports aside from Lunenburg were restricted to at-anchors or sail-pasts.
''Bluenose IV''
In 2007, Joan Roué, the great-granddaughter of ''Bluenose'' designer William Roué, started raising funds to build a new ''Bluenose''. She cited the need for a new ambassador for Nova Scotia and Canada, listing the particulars at a ''Bluenose IV'' website. The name ''Bluenose III'' is owned by the province of Nova Scotia, and Roué could not reach an agreement for its use on the new schooner; Roué and North Atlantic Enterprises proceeded anyway, under the name ''Bluenose IV''. An agreement was reached with Snyder's Shipyard to build the new replica when fundraising was completed. However, as of 2009, Roué had not succeeded in raising the required funds. The effort came to an end when the Province of Nova Scotia and the Canadian federal government constructed the new ''Bluenose II'' in 2013.[Blakely, Stephen (2013). Opt cit.]
See also
* List of schooners
__TOC__
The following are notable schooner-rigged vessels.
Active schooners
Historical schooners
* ''Schooner A.W. Greely, A. W. Greely'', originally named ''Donald II''
* ''Ada K. Damon''
* ''Albatross (1920 schooner), Albatross''
*
* '' ...
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
*
*
Further reading
*
*
*
*
External links
''Bluenose'' Model Builder
''The Canadian Encyclopedia'', The ''Bluenose''
{{1946 shipwrecks
Provincial symbols of Nova Scotia
Individual sailing vessels
Schooners
Maritime history of Canada
Tall ships of Canada
Ships built in Nova Scotia
1921 ships
Articles containing video clips
Sailboat type designs by William James Roué