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Blow-Fill-Seal, also spelled as Blow/Fill/Seal, in this article abbreviated as BFS, is an automated manufacturing process by which plastic containers, such as bottles or ampoules are, in a continuous operation, blow-formed, filled, and sealed.
It takes place in a sterile, enclosed area inside a machine, without human intervention, and thus can be used to
aseptically manufacture sterile pharmaceutical or non-pharamceutical liquid/semiliquid unit-dosage forms.
BFS is an advanced aseptic processing technology that is typically used for filling and packaging of certain sterile liquid formulations like
liquid ophthalmics,
inhalational anesthetic
An inhalational anesthetic is a chemical compound possessing general anesthetic properties that can be delivered via inhalation. They are administered through a face mask, laryngeal mask airway or tracheal tube connected to an anaesthetic vapori ...
s, or
lavaging agents, but can also be used for
injectables,
parenteral medicines,
and several other liquid or semiliquid medications,
with fill volumes ranging from 0.1...1000 cm³.
Compared against traditional glass ampoules, BFS ampoules are inexpensive, lightweight, and shatterproof.
History
BFS was developed in the early 1960s
at Rommelag.
In 1963, Gerhard Hansen applied for a patent on the BFS process.
Originally, it was used for packaging of non-sterile products, such as non-sterile medical devices, food, and cosmetics.
In the early 1970s, Rommelag's Bottelpack system was first used for packing large volume pharmaceutical solutions.
By the late 1980s, BFS had been well-established in the packaging industry, especially for packaging pharmaceutical and healthcare products.
During the 1980s and 1990s, BFS came into use for the now common small volume unit-dosage forms.
Since the early 2000s, BFS has been emerging as the preferred packaging process for parenteral products.
BFS process
The BFS process functions similarly to conventional extrusion blow molding, and takes place within a BFS machine.
First, a plastic polymer resin is heated to >160 °C and compressed to 35 MPa,
allowing it to be extruded in tubular form,
and be taken over by an open two-part
mold to form the container. Then, the mold closes which welds the bottom of the container. Simultaneously, the parison above the mold is cut, or the filling needles are placed in the parison head without the parison being cut (rotary BFS type). Next, a filling mandrel with blowing air function is placed in the neck area that seals the container. Sterile compressed air is then introduced through the filling mandrel to inflate and form the container. In the BFS process for smaller ampoules the compressed air system is avoided by using vacuum forming the container instead. After the BFS container has been formed, the desired liquid is filled into the container through the filling mandrel unit. Then, the filling mandrel unit is lifted off, and the head mold hermetically seals the container. Simultaneously, the head contour is formed by vacuum. In the last step, the mold opens and the finished container leaves the mold.
One process cycle takes a few seconds.
The process speed and thus process output largely depends upon the BFS container size and the BFS machinery dimensioning. For instance, in the early 2000s, Rommelag's 3012, 305, and 4010 M machines had outputs of approximately 4000, 8000, or 20,000 containers per hour.
These machines have been succeeded by the Rommelag 312, 321, 360, 364 and 460 machines with output ranges of up to 35,000 containers per hour.
Sterility requirements
The BFS processes is an aseptic filling process, which produces sterile products and thus needs to be sterile.
Aseptic BFS machines must be designed in a way that prevents extraneous contamination.
Thus, rotary-type BFS machines are placed in classified areas same as shuttle-type BFS machines (open parison), which have a cleanroom shroud
grade-A-compliant provided with sterilised air and kept under overpressure. Automatic SIP programs are used to sterilise the BFS equipment and this avoids human interventions. Due to automatic start up and filling processes BFS machines require no human interaction during the actual BFS process. However, certain adjustments or interventions need to be carried out by personnel. Both particle and microbiological contamination monitoring are required in a BFS machine environment, as well as routine CIP/SIP processes.
BFS machines are typically fitted with several different sterilising air filtration systems for the buffer air, support parison air and air shroud grade A air (if needed for shuttle machines, e. g. open parison type ones).
Typically, the air is sterilised by filtration systems that have automatic filter integrity testing installed (i. e. automatic water intrusion or particle testing). The air systems are typically integrated into the SIP cycle of the BFS machine.
BFS material
The materials used in BFS packaging are usually
polyolefins
A polyolefin is a type of polymer with the general formula (CH2CHR)n where R is an alkyl group. They are usually derived from a small set of simple olefins (alkenes). Dominant in a commercial sense are polyethylene and polypropylene. More speciali ...
, mainly
polyethylene
Polyethylene or polythene (abbreviated PE; IUPAC name polyethene or poly(methylene)) is the most commonly produced plastic. It is a polymer, primarily used for packaging ( plastic bags, plastic films, geomembranes and containers including bo ...
(
LDPE
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is a thermoplastic made from the monomer ethylene. It was the first grade of polyethylene, produced in 1933 by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) using a high pressure process via free radical polymerization. Its ...
or
HDPE
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polyethylene high-density (PEHD) is a thermoplastic polymer produced from the monomer ethylene. It is sometimes called "alkathene" or "polythene" when used for HDPE pipes. With a high strength-to-density ratio, ...
),
and
polypropylene
Polypropylene (PP), also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications. It is produced via chain-growth polymerization from the monomer propylene.
Polypropylene
belongs to the group of polyolefins and ...
(PP).
These materials are robust and inert to ensure sterility and tightness during the product's shelf life.
Diffusion tendencies can be reduced by using virgin polymers, but diffusion cannot be prevented entirely. This is due to the nature of polyolefins and their additives, if present.
Several polyethylene suppliers have developed special EP or
USP grade resin for BFS containers. Permeation into BFS containers and water loss may be an issue with some BFS resin. Therefore, in some applications, secondary packaging methods (laminate pouches) are used.
Advantages
![Ocuheel Medication](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Ocuheel_Medication.jpg)
BFS allows many different container designs, a consistent high process quality, a high process output,
and is, compared against other packaging processes, inexpensive.
In addition to that, BFS containers are lighter than glass containers, and shatterproof, which eases their transport.
Due to the single-dose nature of BFS containers, they are more convenient to use for patients.
BFS technology assures high levels of sterility,
especially compared against conventional filling,
which is mainly achieved by the absence of human contact/interventions – a major source of contamination.
External links
bottelpack Blow-Fill-Seal process 3D model visualisation video, 0:20 min
References
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[European Plastics News. (1989). United Kingdom: IPC Press. p. 14]
{{packaging
Containers
Food industry
Pharmaceutical industry