Leopold Blaschka (27 May 1822 – 3 July 1895) and his son Rudolf Blaschka (17 June 1857 – 1 May 1939) were glass artists from
Dresden
Dresden (, ; Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; wen, label= Upper Sorbian, Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth ...
,
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
, native to the Bohemian (Czech)–German borderland, and known for the production of biological models such as the
glass sea creatures
The glass sea creatures (alternately called the Blaschka sea creatures, glass marine invertebrates, Blaschka invertebrate models, and Blaschka glass invertebrates) are works of glass artists Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka. The artistic predecessors ...
and
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of high ...
's
Glass Flowers
The Ware Collection of Blaschka Glass Models of Plants (or simply the ''Glass Flowers'') is a collection of highly realistic glass botanical models at the Harvard Museum of Natural History in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Created by Leopold and Rudo ...
.
Family background
The Blaschka family traces its roots to
Josefův Důl (Josefsthal) in the
Jizera Mountains
Jizera Mountains ( cz, Jizerské hory), or Izera Mountains ( pl, Góry Izerskie; german: Isergebirge), are part of the Western Sudetes on the border between the Czech Republic and Poland. The range got its name from the Jizera River, which rises a ...
, Bohemia, a region known for processing glass, metals, and gems.
Members of the Blacschka family had worked in
Venice
Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges. The isla ...
,
Bohemia, and Germany.
Leopold referred to this history in an 1889 letter to
Mary Lee Ware
Mary Lee Ware, (Jan. 7, 1858 – Jan. 9, 1937) daughter of Elizabeth Cabot (Lee) Ware and Charles Eliot Ware, was born to a wealthy Bostonian family and, with her mother, was the principal sponsor of the Harvard Museum of Natural History's famou ...
:
Born in
Český Dub
Český Dub (german: Böhmisch Aicha) is a town in Liberec District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 2,800 inhabitants. The town centre is well preserved and is protected by law as an Cultural monument (Czech Republic)#Monu ...
,
Bohemia, and one of Joseph Blaschke's three sons,
Leopold was apprenticed to a
goldsmith
A goldsmith is a metalworker who specializes in working with gold and other precious metals. Nowadays they mainly specialize in jewelry-making but historically, goldsmiths have also made silverware, platters, goblets, decorative and servicea ...
and
gemcutter
Lapidary (from the Latin ) is the practice of shaping stone, minerals, or gemstones into decorative items such as cabochons, engraved gems (including cameos), and faceted designs. A person who practices lapidary is known as a lapidarist. A lap ...
in
Turnov
Turnov (; german: Turnau) is a town in Semily District in the Liberec Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 14,000 inhabitants. It is a traditional centre for gemstone polishing, glass craftsmanship and arts. The town centre is well preserve ...
, a town in the
Liberec Region
Liberec Region ( cs, Liberecký kraj, german: Reichenberger Region, pl, Kraj liberecki) is an administrative unit ( Czech: ''kraj'') of the Czech Republic, located in the northernmost part of its historical region of Bohemia. It is named after ...
of today's Czech Republic.
He then joined the family business, which produced glass ornaments and
glass eye
An ocular prosthesis, artificial eye or glass eye is a type of craniofacial prosthesis that replaces an absent natural eye following an enucleation, evisceration, or orbital exenteration. The prosthesis fits over an orbital implant and under ...
s.
It was there that Leopold developed a technique which he termed "glass-spinning", which permitted the construction of highly precise and detailed works in glass. He also
Latinised his family name to "Blaschka", and began to focus the business on the manufacture of glass eyes.
Leopold married Caroline Zimmermann in 1846 and within four years their son Josef Augustin Blaschka was born.
Caroline and Josef died of
cholera in 1850. A year later, Leopold's father died. Heartbroken, Leopold "sought consolation in the natural world, sketching the plants in the countryside around his home."
Glass marine invertebrates
![Blaschka 4](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Blaschka_4.jpg)
In 1853, Leopold traveled to the United States. En route the ship was delayed at sea for two weeks by lack of wind.
During this time Leopold studied and sketched local
marine invertebrate
Marine invertebrates are the invertebrates that live in marine habitats. Invertebrate is a blanket term that includes all animals apart from the vertebrate members of the chordate phylum. Invertebrates lack a vertebral column, and some hav ...
, intrigued by the glass-like transparency of their bodies.
He wrote:
On return to
Dresden
Dresden (, ; Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; wen, label= Upper Sorbian, Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth ...
, Leopold focused on his family business, producing glass eyes, costume ornaments, lab equipment, and other such fancy goods and specialty items that a master
lampworker was responsible for.
He married Caroline Riegel in 1854.
He used his free time to create glass models of plants, as opposed to invertebrates. This would become a base for the ''Ware Collection of Blaschka Glass Models of Plants'' (otherwise known as the
Glass Flowers
The Ware Collection of Blaschka Glass Models of Plants (or simply the ''Glass Flowers'') is a collection of highly realistic glass botanical models at the Harvard Museum of Natural History in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Created by Leopold and Rudo ...
) many years later, but during this time Blaschka did not make any money producing the models.
Blaschka's models eventually attracted the attention of Prince Camille de
Rohan, who arranged to meet with Leopold at
Sychrov Castle in 1857, the year that the Leopold and Caroline's son Rudolf was born.
A naturalist himself, the Prince commissioned Leopold to craft 100 glass
orchid
Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant.
Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowerin ...
s for his private collection
and, impressed by Leopold's work, in 1862, "the prince exhibited about 100 models of orchids and other exotic plants, which he displayed on two artificial tree trunks in his palace in Prague,"
which brought the skill of the Blaschkas to the attention of Professor
Ludwig Reichenbach.
![Blaschka glass models at Nat Hist Museum Pisa University](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Blaschka_glass_models_at_Nat_Hist_Museum_Pisa_University.jpg)
The director of the natural history museum in Dresden, Prof. Reichenbach, was enchanted by the botanical models and positive that Leopold held the key to ending his own inability to properly showcase marine invertebrates; in the 19th century the only practiced method of showcasing marine invertebrates was to take a live specimen and place it in a sealed jar of alcohol.
This killed the specimen, and due to time and their lack of hard parts, eventually rendered the specimens into little more than colorless floating blobs of jelly. The Dresden museum director desired specifically 3D colored models of marine invertebrates that were both lifelike and able to stand the test of time.
In 1863,
Reichenbach convinced and commissioned Leopold to produce twelve model
sea anemones.
These marine models, hailed as "an artistic marvel in the field of science and a scientific marvel in the field of art,"
were a great improvement on previous methods of presenting such creatures: drawings, pressing, photographs and
papier-mâché
upright=1.3, Mardi Gras papier-mâché masks, Haiti
upright=1.3, Papier-mâché Catrinas, traditional figures for day of the dead celebrations in Mexico
Papier-mâché (, ; , literally "chewed paper") is a composite material consisting of p ...
or wax models.
Knowing this and thrilled with his newly acquired set of glass sea creatures, Reichenbach advised Leopold to drop his current and generations long family business of glass fancy goods and the like in favor of selling glass marine invertebrates to museums, aquaria, universities, and private collectors
- advice which prompted the swiftly and highly lucrative mail-order business that followed. Indeed, "the world had never seen anything quite like the beautiful, scientifically accurate Blaschka models"
and yet they were available via so common a means as via mail-order per one's local card catalog. Museums and universities began purchasing them en masse to put on display much as Prof. Reichenbach had - natural history museum directors across the world had the same issue showcasing marine invertebrates.
In short, Blaschkas Glass sea creature mail-order enterprise succeeded for two reasons: there was a huge and global demand, and they were the only and best glass artists capable of crafting literally scientifically flawless models. Initially the designs for these were based on drawings in books, but Leopold was soon able to use his earlier drawings to produce highly detailed models of other species,
and his reputation quickly spread; the task additionally furthering the training of his son and apprentice (and eventual successor), Rudolf Blaschka.
A year after the success of the glass sea anemones, the family moved to
Dresden
Dresden (, ; Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; wen, label= Upper Sorbian, Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth ...
to give young Rudolf better educational opportunities.
Belgium
In 1886,
Edouard Van Beneden, founder of the Institute of Zoology, ordered 77 Blaschka models in order to illustrate zoology lessons. Some of these models are still on display at TréZOOr, in the Aquarium-Muséum in
Liège.
Contact with Harvard
![GlassFlowers1HMNH](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/GlassFlowers1HMNH.jpg)
Around 1880, Rudolf began assisting his father with the models. In that year, they produced 131 Glass sea creature models for the
Boston
Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...
Society of Natural History Museum (now the
Museum of Science
The Museum of Science (MoS) is a science museum and indoor zoo in Boston, Massachusetts, located in Science Park, a plot of land spanning the Charles River. Along with over 700 interactive exhibits, the museum features a number of live presentat ...
). These models, along with the ones purchased by
Harvard's Museum of Comparative Zoology
A museum ( ; plural museums or, rarely, musea) is a building or institution that cares for and displays a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance. Many public museums make thes ...
, were seen by Professor
George Lincoln Goodale, who was in the process of setting up the
Harvard Botanical Museum. In 1886, the Blaschkas were approached by Goodale, who had come to Dresden for the sole purpose of finding them, with a request to make a series of glass botanical models for Harvard. Some reports claim that Goodale saw a few glass orchids in the room where they met, surviving from the work two decades earlier.
Leopold was unwilling: his current business of selling glass sea creatures was hugely successful but, eventually, he agreed to send test-models to the U.S. Though the items were badly damaged by U.S.
Customs,
Goodale appreciated the fragmentary craftwork and showed them widely – convinced that Blaschka glass art was a more than worthy educational investment. His reasons for wanting the models was simple: At that time, Harvard was the global center of botanical study. As such, Goodale wanted the best, but the only used method was showcasing pressed and carefully labeled specimens — a methodology that offered a twofold problem: being pressed, the specimens were two-dimensional and tended to lose their color. Hence they were hardly the ideal teaching tools.
However, having already seen Harvard's recently procured glass marine invertebrates, Professor Goodale - like Professor Reichenbach before him - realized that glass flowers would solve his problem:
they were three-dimensional and would retain their color.
![Glass Flowers gift-bouquet](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Glass_Flowers_gift-bouquet.jpg)
To cover the expensive enterprise, Goodale approached his former student
Mary Lee Ware
Mary Lee Ware, (Jan. 7, 1858 – Jan. 9, 1937) daughter of Elizabeth Cabot (Lee) Ware and Charles Eliot Ware, was born to a wealthy Bostonian family and, with her mother, was the principal sponsor of the Harvard Museum of Natural History's famou ...
and her mother
Elizabeth C. Ware; they were independently wealthy and already liberal benefactors of Harvard's botanical department.
Mary convinced her mother to agree to underwrite the consignment of the glass models that enchanted them both.
In 1887, the Blaschkas contracted to spend half-time producing the models for Harvard.
They continued to spend their remaining time making marine invertebrate models. However, in 1890, the Blaschkas insisted that it was impossible to craft the botanical models for half the year and the sea creatures the other half; "they said that they must give up either one or the other."
[Annual reports of the President and Treasurer of Harvard College 1890-1891, pp. 160-163 - https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:427018526$1i] As such, that same year the Blaschkas signed an exclusive ten-year contract with Harvard to make
glass flowers
The Ware Collection of Blaschka Glass Models of Plants (or simply the ''Glass Flowers'') is a collection of highly realistic glass botanical models at the Harvard Museum of Natural History in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Created by Leopold and Rudo ...
for 8,800 marks per year.
New arrangements were also made to send the models directly to Harvard, where museum staff could open them safely, observed by Customs staff.
They modeled a great range of plants (in total, 164 taxonomic families) and plant parts (flowers, leaves, fruits, roots). Some were shown during
pollination
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds, a ...
by insects, others diseased in various ways.
Prof. Goodale noted that the activity of the Blaschkas was "greatly increased by their exclusive devotion to a single line of work."
[Annual reports of the President and Treasurer of Harvard College 1890-1891, pp. 160-163 - https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:427018526$1i] In regards to Leopold's feelings for the Glass Flowers enterprise, and the change to it from the successful marine creature business, Goodale wrote the following in the ''Annual reports of the President and Treasurer of Harvard College 1890-1891'':
Production of Glass Flowers
Early in the making of
Glass Flowers
The Ware Collection of Blaschka Glass Models of Plants (or simply the ''Glass Flowers'') is a collection of highly realistic glass botanical models at the Harvard Museum of Natural History in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Created by Leopold and Rudo ...
, Mary Lee Ware engaged in correspondence with Professor Goodale regarding the making of the collection, one of which contained a remark of Leopold's regarding the false rumor that secret methods were used in the making of the Glass Flowers: "Many people think that we have some secret apparatus by which we can squeeze glass suddenly into these forms, but it is not so. We have tact. My son Rudolf has more than I have, because he is my son, and tact increases in every generation."
On this trend, he also once said that "One cannot hurry glass. It will take its own time. If we try to hasten it beyond its limits, it resists and no longer obeys us. We have to humor it."
The Blaschkas used a mixture of clear and coloured glass, sometimes supported with wire, to produce their models.
Many pieces were painted, this work being entirely given to Rudolf.
In order to represent plants which were not native to the Dresden area, the two studied the exotic plant collections at
Pillnitz Palace and the
Dresden Botanical Garden
The ''Botanischer Garten der Technischen Universität Dresden'' (3.25 hectares), also known as the ''Botanischer Garten Dresden'' or Dresden Botanical Garden, is a botanical garden maintained by the Dresden University of Technology. It is locat ...
, and also grew some from seed sent from the United States.
In 1892, Rudolf was sent on a trip to the
Caribbean and the U.S. to study additional plants, making extensive drawings and notes.
At this point the number of glass models sent annually to Harvard was approximately 120.
[Annual reports of the President and Treasurer of Harvard College 1890-1891, pp. 160-163 - https://iiif.lib.harvard.edu/manifests/view/drs:427018526$1i]
![GlassFlowers4HMNH](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/GlassFlowers4HMNH.jpg)
Rudolf made a second trip to the U.S. in 1895. While he was overseas - and eleven years into the project - Leopold died.
Rudolf continued to work alone, slowing down production so as to achieve higher levels of botanical perfection.
By the early twentieth century, he found that he was unable to buy glass of suitably high quality, and so started making his own.
This was confirmed by Mary Lee Ware during her 1908 visit to Rudolf in a letter she later wrote to the second director of the Botanical Museum, Professor
Oakes Ames.
This letter appears to confirm the previous statement of Leopold's regarding his son; Miss Ware writes, "One change in the character of his work and, consequently in the time necessary to accomplish results since I was last here, is very noteworthy. At that time...he bought most of his glass and was just beginning to make some, and his finish was in paint. Now he himself makes a large part of the glass and all the enamels, which he powders to use as paint."
This missive to Professor Ames was published on January 9, 1961 by the
Harvard University Herbaria - Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University Vol. 19, No. 6 - under the title "How Were The Glass Flowers Made?"
In addition to funding and visiting, Mary took an active role in the project's progress, going so far as to personally unpack each model
and making arrangements for Rudolph's fieldwork in the U.S. and Jamaica
– the purpose of such trips being to gather and study various plant specimens.
In 1911, Rudolf Blaschka married Frieda (whose maiden name is unknown) in a quiet wedding: "We had only a few guests but a great deal of people here had shown cordial interest...We took a four day wedding trip to visit the Ore mountains and the Zenkerhuette in Josefsthal a 200 year old glass factory where my great-grandfather was master about 130-150 years ago...we reached the remote place easily by the new railroad and we had right the last chance to see the interesting factory building. They are just going to pull it down and it will disappear". The couple hosted Mary L. Ware during the third of her three visits to Dresden, and they became very great friends.
In September 1923, Rudolf sent a letter to Mary stating that he had shipped four cases of specimens to the Museum in what was the first Glass Flowers shipment following
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
, but said that the complicated tax and inflation situation in Germany had left him without money and the Museum has not sent the 1923 payment yet. That November, he received $500 and a letter from Prof. Oakes Ames saying that Prof. Goodale had died that Ames was succeeding him, the money having been sent via Goodale's son Francis.
[Oakes Ames Correspondence: Botany Libraries, Archives of the Economic Botany Herbarium of Oakes Ames, Harvard University Herbaria] Ames was not as passionate about the Glass Flowers as his predecessor had been, seeing several unknown issues, but Ames soon requested what he referred to as "Economic Botany", asking Rudolf to make glass
Olea europaea and
Vitis vinifera
''Vitis vinifera'', the common grape vine, is a species of flowering plant, native to the Mediterranean region, Central Europe, and southwestern Asia, from Morocco and Portugal north to southern Germany and east to northern Iran. There are curr ...
, a request which Rudolf answered with alacrity and eventually evolved into a series of glass fruits in both rotting and edible condition.
However, Prof. Ames continued to exchange letters with Miss Ware discussing the project, namely the quality and speed of production as Rudolf ages, discussions which on Ames' part vary from controlled excitement to continued concern regarding the project and Rudolf's continuing ability to produce in a satisfactory manner.
Rudolf continued making models for Harvard until 1938. By then aged 80, he announced that he would retire.
Neither he nor his father had taken on an
apprentice
Apprenticeship is a system for training a new generation of practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training and often some accompanying study (classroom work and reading). Apprenticeships can also enable practitioners to gain a ...
, and Rudolf left no successor - he and Frieda Blaschka being childless.
For Harvard, Leopold and Rudolf made approximately 4,400 models, 780 showing species at life-size, with others showing magnified details; under 75% are, as of May 21, 2016, on display at the HMNH, (the exhibit itself dedicated to
Dr. Charles Eliot Ware, the father of Mary Ware and husband of Elizabeth Ware); the old exhibit contained 3000 models but this number was reduced for renovation purposes.
Unlike the Glass sea creatures – "a profitable global mail-order business"
– the Glass Flowers were commissioned solely for and are unique to Harvard.
Legacy
![The grave of Leopold, Caroline, Rudolf and Frieda Blaschka](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_grave_of_Leopold%2C_Caroline%2C_Rudolf_and_Frieda_Blaschka.jpg)
Over the course of their collected lives Leopold and Rudolf crafted as many as ten thousand glass marine invertebrate models and 4,400 botanical ones that are the more famous Glass Flowers.
The Blaschka studio survived the
Bombing of Dresden in World War II
The bombing of Dresden was a joint British and American aerial bombing attack on the city of Dresden, the capital of the German state of Saxony, during World War II. In four raids between 13 and 15 February 1945, 772 heavy bombers of the Roya ...
so, in 1993, the Corning Museum and Harvard jointly purchased the remaining Blaschka studio materials from Frieda Blaschka's niece, Gertrud Pones.
The
Pisa Charterhouse houses the Museum of Natural History of the
University of Pisa
The University of Pisa ( it, Università di Pisa, UniPi), officially founded in 1343, is one of the oldest universities in Europe.
History
The Origins
The University of Pisa was officially founded in 1343, although various scholars place ...
which includes a collection of 51 Blaschka glass marine invertebrates.
Leopold and Rudolf and their spouses are buried together in the Hosterwitz cemetery in Dresden.
See also
*
Robert BrendelThe Ware Collection of Blaschka Glass Models of Plants Harvard Museum of Natural History
The Harvard Museum of Natural History is a natural history museum housed in the University Museum Building, located on the campus of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It features 16 galleries with 12,000 speciments drawn from the col ...
Blaschka Collection Museum of Natural History of the University of Pisa
References
External links
The Story of Rudolf and Leopold Blaschka video
The Blaschka Archives held by the Rakow Library of the Corning Museum of Glass.
"Sea creatures of the deep - the Blaschka Glass models"National Museum of Wales. 15 May 2007.
*
Out of the Teeming Sea: Cornell Collection of Blaschka Invertebrate Models
{{DEFAULTSORT:Blaschka, Leopold And Rudolf
Art duos
Flower artists
German glass artists
German male sculptors
19th-century German male artists
19th-century German sculptors
20th-century German sculptors
20th-century German male artists
German Bohemian people
Artists from Dresden
Scale modeling
19th-century German botanists
20th-century German botanists