Black-bellied Whistling-duck

The black-bellied whistling duck (''Dendrocygna autumnalis''), formerly called the black-bellied tree duck, is a whistling duck that breeds from the southernmost United States, Mexico, and tropical Central to south-central South America. In the US, it can be found year-round in peninsular Florida, parts of southeast Texas, coastal Alabama and Mississippi and seasonally in southeast Arizona, and Louisiana's Gulf Coast. It is a rare breeder in such disparate locations as Arkansas, Georgia, Tennessee, and South Carolina, though it is now a common breeder in parts of central Florida. There is a large population of several hundred that winter each year in Audubon Park in uptown New Orleans, Louisiana. Since it is one of only two whistling duck species native to North America, it is occasionally just known as the "whistling duck" or "Mexican squealer" in the southern USA.

Taxonomy

In 1751 the English naturalist George Edwards included an illustration and a description of the black-bellied whistling duck in the fourth volume of his ''A Natural History of Uncommon Birds''. He used the English name "The red-bill'd whistling duck". Edwards based his hand-coloured etching on a live bird kept at the home of Admiral Charles Wager in Chelsea, London. Edwards was told that the bird had come from the West Indies. When in 1758 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his ''Systema Naturae'' for the tenth edition, he placed the black-bellied whistling duck with the ducks, geese and swans in the genus ''Anas''. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the binomial name ''Anas autumnalis'' and cited Edwards' work. The black-bellied whistling duck is now placed in the genus '' Dendrocygna'' that was introduced in 1837 by the English naturalist William John Swainson to distinguish whistling ducks from the other waterfowl. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek ''dendron'' meaning "tree" with the genus '' Cygnus'' containing the swans that was introduced by François Alexandre Pierre de Garsault in 1764. The specific epithet ''autumnalis'' is Latin meaning "autumnal".

Two subspecies are recognised. They intergrade in Panama.
* ''D. a. fulgens'' Friedmann, 1947 – southeast Texas to Panama
: Larger, with a brown breast and upper back.
* ''D. a. autumnalis'' (Linnaeus, 1758) – Panama to Ecuador and northern Argentina
: Smaller, with gray breast and upper back.

Prior to 1978, birds from western Panama north to the southern USA were erroneously referred to as ''D. a. autumnalis'' and birds from eastern Panama into South America were referred to as ''D. a. discolor''.

Description

The black-bellied whistling duck is a mid-sized waterfowl species. Length ranges from , body mass from and wingspan ranges from . It has a long red bill, long head and longish legs, pale gray head and mostly gray-brown plumage. The belly and tail are black, and the body plumage, back of the neck and cap are a rich chestnut brown. The face and upper neck are gray, and they sport a thin but distinct white eye-ring. The extensive white in the wings is obvious in flight, less so on the ground; it is formed by the secondary remiges while the primaries are black; the wing-coverts are brown. Males and females look alike; juveniles are similar but have a gray bill and less contrasting belly.

The wing bar is unique among whistling ducks. When on the ground, it may be hard to discern the light flanks present in many of these waterfowl. The fulvous whistling duck (''D. bicolor'') is the only sympatric whistling duck that shows such a whitish flank stripe, and it differs from the black-bellied by having dark wings and a lighter belly rather than the other way around. Juvenile ''D. autumnalis'' are quite similar to young of the white-faced whistling duck (''D. viduata''), which have a darker bill and no white wing patch; even when sitting they never seem to show white along the sides, as their thin white vertical barring on the black flanks is very indistinct.

As the name implies, these are noisy birds with a clear whistling ''waa-chooo'' call.

Distribution and habitat

The black-bellied whistling duck is mainly non-migratory. Birds in the extreme northern portions of their range (Arizona, Louisiana, and parts of Texas) move south in winter. At the heart of their range, there is a tendency to travel in flocks over the winter months, though this behavior is not a true long-range migration but rather local dispersal.

Seven adults and eight ducklings were observed on west side of Lake Apopka, Central Florida on 24 July 2015. They have been in this area for more than a year. Since 2009, this species has now become a common breeder in Lake County, Florida, with adult pairs with offspring seen by lakes and in wetlands near Eustis, Tavares, Leesburg, and other municipalities; large wintering flocks of 30+ birds can be seen throughout the county, even up to Lake Norris in the NE central portion of the county. There has been a large flock noted for about two years in the River Plantation area of Parrish in Manatee County, Florida and inland from Port Manatee in the northern part of the county. This flock has returned every year nesting in a marshy area and observed by residences in the rural area.

Over 100 of the whistling ducks have resided in the Gum Slough of Sumter County, Florida for over two years. Recent spike from Leesburg to the Ocklawaha region with many nightly flights averaging 10 per flight. Since late 2019, after the dredging of Lake Roberta in Tampa, Florida, a flock of more than 100 whistling ducks has taken up residence on the shores of the lake.

A large flock was observed and photographed by a local resident in Audubon Park, New Orleans, Louisiana in February 2016.
A flock of over 100 are in Land O Lakes Florida in Pasco County.
Starting in 2019, a male and female started visiting a pond in Powderly, TX (near the Red River). After laying eggs and having 5 ducklings, all 7 of them are still here in 2021.

Behavior and ecology

The black-bellied whistling duck is a common species that is "quite tame, even in the wild".Bull, Farrand (1977) It is highly gregarious, or social, forming large flocks when not breeding, and is largely resident apart from local movements. It usually nests in hollow trees (in South America many times in palm trees). The habitat is quite shallow freshwater ponds, lakes, and marshes, cultivated land or reservoirs with plentiful vegetation, where this duck feeds mainly at night on seeds and other plant food.

Breeding

The black-bellied whistling duck is quite unique among ducks in their strong monogamous pair-bond. Its pairs often stay together for many years, a trait more often associated with geese and swans. Both parents share all tasks associated with the raising of young, from incubation to the rearing of ducklings. The ducks, primarily cavity nesters, prefer the confines of a hollow tree, but will nest on the ground when necessary. They also make use of chimneys, abandoned buildings, or nest boxes, the latter having been increasingly provided to them over recent decades, especially in southeast Texas and Mexico. Ducklings leap from nest cavities within two days of hatching, can feed themselves immediately, and stay with the parents for up to eight weeks.

Food and feeding

Feeding often occurs nocturnally, but they can be encountered eating at any hour of the day. Black-bellied whistling ducks ingest a wide variety of plant material (including corn, rice, millets, several types of weed and other grasses), but also consume arthropods (such as insects and spiders), aquatic invertebrates (such as snails and molluscs) and tadpoles when available. They often feed on submerged vegetation by wading through shallow water. As its Latin name (''autumnalis'') implies, it is commonly seen gleaning recently harvested fields for leftover seeds and invertebrates brought up by the harvesters disturbing the soil.

Status and conservation

The black-bellied whistling duck is listed as a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN); its global population is estimated at 1,100,000–2,000,000 birds and increasing.

Gallery

File:Black-bellied whistling ducks (Dendrocygna autumnalis).jpg, In Tobago
Image:Dendrocygna autumnalis USACE.jpg, Black-bellied whistling ducks rarely move long distances, but these birds were seen near Saltsburg in Pennsylvania. They may be vagrants or escaped from aviculture.
File:Whistling Duck4.jpg, Black-bellied whistling ducks on a manmade nest box in Central Florida
File:Black Bellied Whistling Ducklings.jpg, An adult Black-bellied Whistling Duck and sixteen ducklings in Parrish, Florida
File:Black-bellied whistling ducklings.jpg, Black-bellied whistling ducklings in South Texas

References

Sources

* Bencke, Glayson Ariel (2007): Avifauna atual do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: aspectos biogeográficos e distribucionais The Recent avifauna of Rio Grande do Sul: Biogeographical and distributional aspects" Talk held on 2007-JUN-22 at ''Quaternário do RS: integrando conhecimento'', Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
PDF abstract
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External links

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q752461

black-bellied whistling duck
Birds of Central America
Birds of Mexico
Birds of South America
black-bellied whistling duck
Native birds of the Southwestern United States
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus