Black-bellied Thorntail

The black-bellied thorntail (''Discosura langsdorffi'') is a species of hummingbird in the "coquettes", tribe Lesbiini of subfamily Lesbiinae. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.HBW and BirdLife International (2020) ''Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world'' Version 5. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v5_Dec20.zip xls zipped 1 MBretrieved May 27, 2021Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved August 24, 2021

Taxonomy and systematics

The black-bellied thorntail was briefly placed in genus ''Gouldomyia'' that was then merged into ''Popelairia''. Since the late 1900s that genus has been merged into the present ''Discosura''. Some authors have further merged ''Discosura'' into ''Lophornis'' but this treatment has not been widely accepted.Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved August 24, 2021Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, S. M. Billerman, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2021. The eBird/Clements checklist of Birds of the World: v2021. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ Retrieved August 25, 2021

Two subspecies are recognized, the nominate ''D. l. langsdorffi'' (Temminck, 1821) and ''D. l. melanosternon'' (Gould, 1868).

Description

The black-bellied thorntail weighs about . Males are long and females . Adults of both sexes of the nominate subspecies have an iridescent emerald green crown and coppery green upperparts with a white band across the rump. The male's gorget is iridescent emerald green with a golden coppery band below it. Its flanks are bronzy green and the rest of the underparts black. The tail inner feathers of the tail are steely blue and the outer three pairs gray; all have white shafts. The tail is deeply forked, and the outer feathers are very narrow which give the species its common name. The female's throat is white with green and black spangles and it has a thin white streak on the cheek. Its breast is spangled green with a coppery lower border; the belly is black with a white patch on the flank. Its tail is short, only slightly forked, and steely blue with bronze at the base and white tips. Juveniles are similar to the adult female. Subspecies ''D. l. melanosternon'' is slightly smaller than the nominate; its crown is grass green, the breast more golden, and the rest of the underparts darker.Züchner, T., G. M. Kirwan, and P. F. D. Boesman (2020). Black-bellied Thorntail (''Discosura langsdorffi''), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.bkbtho1.01 retrieved January 23, 2022

Distribution and habitat

The nominate subspecies of black-bellied thorntail is restricted to coastal eastern Brazil from southeastern Bahia south through Espírito Santo into eastern Rio de Janeiro. ''D. l. melanosternon'' is found in Amazonia of southern Venezuela, southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and Peru, far northern Bolivia, and western Brazil. It inhabits the edges and interior of humid lowland forest generally at elevations between . In Amazonia it is mostly found in ''terra firme'' forest but also occurs in the transition zone between ''terra firme'' and '' várzea''.

Behavior

Movement

The black-bellied thorntail is believed to be sedentary.

Feeding

The black-bellied thorntail feeds on the nectar of a wide variety of flowering trees and other plants. It mostly forages from the middle level of the forest to the canopy. It also feeds on arthropods, and a female has been observed apparently picking insects from a spider web.

Breeding

The black-bellied thorntail breeds between November and February in eastern Brazil and between September and March in the Amazonian part of its range. It makes a cup nest of soft plant down decorated with lichen on the outside. It typically places it on a horizontal branch about above the ground. The female incubates the clutch of two eggs for about 13 days; fledging is about 20 days after hatch.

Vocal and non-vocal sounds

The black-bellied thorntail is mostly silent. When feeding it gives a "short 'tsip' or 'chip'." Its wings make a bee-like humming when hovering.

Status

The IUCN has assessed the black-bellied thorntail as being of Least Concern though its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. It is usually considered rare but might be under-counted due to its usually staying high in the forest. " ts habitat isunder severe threat of deforestation, and hespecies does not seem to accept man-made habitats." It does occur in some protected areas.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1273051

black-bellied thorntail
Birds of the Atlantic Forest
Birds of the Amazon Basin
Birds of the Colombian Amazon
Birds of the Ecuadorian Amazon
Birds of the Peruvian Amazon
black-bellied thorntail
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot