Rade (Rhade; Rade: ; or ) is an

Austronesian Austronesian may refer to: *The Austronesian languages *The historical Austronesian peoples The Austronesian people, sometimes referred to as Austronesian-speaking peoples, are a large group of peoples who have settled in Taiwan, maritime Sout ...

language of southern

Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...

. There may be some speakers in Cambodia. It is a member of the Chamic subgroup, and is closely related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.

Dialects

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:24) lists nine dialects of Rade. They are spoken mostly in Đắk Lắk Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam. *Kpă: spoken throughout

Buôn Ma Thuột Buôn Ma Thuột or sometimes Buôn Mê Thuột or Ban Mê Thuột (, ), is the capital city of Đắk Lắk Province in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Its population was 434,256 in 2023. The city is the largest in the Central Highlands and k ...

*Krung: spoken in Ea H'leo and Krông Năng; some Krung also live among the Jarai in

Gia Lai Province Gia Lai is a northern mountainous Provinces of Vietnam, province in the Central Highlands (Vietnam), Central Highlands region, the Central Vietnam, Central of Vietnam. It borders Kon Tum province, Kon Tum in the north, Quảng Ngãi province, Qu ...

*Adham: spoken in Krông Buk, Krông Năng, and Ea H'leo *Ktul: spoken in Krông Bông and the southern part of Krông Pắk *Drao (Kơdrao): spoken in M'Đrăk (in the townships of Krông Jing, Cư M'Ta, and Ea Trang) *Blô: spoken in M'Đrăk (small population) *Êpan: spoken in M'Đrăk (small population) *Mdhur: spoken in Ea Kar and M'Đrăk; also in

and Phu Yen Province *Bih: spoken in Krông Ana and in the southern part of

Bih, which has about 1,000 speakers, may be a separate language. Tam Nguyen (2015) reported that there are only 10 speakers of Bih out of an ethnic population of about 400 people. A patrilineal Rade subgroup known as the Hmok or Hmok Pai is found in the

area (Phạm 2005:212).

Classification

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23) provides the following classification for the Rade dialects. Đoàn (1998) also provides a 1,000-word vocabulary list for all of the nine Rade dialects. *Area 1 **''Area 1.1'': Krung, Kpă, Adham **''Area 1.2'': Drao. Êpan, Ktul **Blô (mixture of areas 1.1 and 1.2, as well as Mdhur) *Area 2 **Mdhur **Bih Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23) assigns the following cognacy percentages for comparisons between Kpă and the other eight dialects of Rade, with Bih as the most divergent dialect. *Kpă – Krung: 85.5% *Kpă – Adham: 82% *Kpă – Ktul: 82% *Kpă – Mdhur: 80% *Kpă – Blô: 82% *Kpă – Êpan: 85% *Kpă – Drao: 81% *Kpă – Bih: 73%

Vocabulary

* – the most senior in age and authority * – Protestant of Christian (single word identity of E-de) * – you * – husband * – her/him * – they * – we * – love * – hate * – younger sibling * – mom/mother * – grandma/grandmother * – grandma/grandfather * – father, dad daddy * – ugly, bad * – pretty * – beautiful girl * – good * – love * – give * – true * – go * – I/me * – name * – country * – want/like * – God * – speak * – language * – rice porridge * – fat * – skinny * – black * – to be from * – from *, , , , – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 *, , , , : 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 * – America * – Cambodia * – person * – learn * – sound of displeasure/pain * –

(city) * – type/write * – English * – Rade/Ede * – A lot * – French *-crazy

Phonology

The spelling is shown in italics.

Consonants

*The voiced implosives are also described as "

preglottalized Glottalization is the complete or partial closure of the glottis during the articulation of another sound. Glottalization of vowels and other sonorants is most often realized as creaky voice (partial closure). Glottalization of obstruent conso ...

stops" (. *According to : ** is as an

affricate An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal). It is often difficult to decide if a stop and fricative form a single phoneme or a consonant pai ...

. ** are dental (). ** has slight friction (). **There is an optional schwa between the bilabial plosives and . Thus ''pra'' "scaffold" is pronounced . ** is weakened before most consonants, except before the

liquids Liquid is a state of matter with a definite volume but no fixed shape. Liquids adapt to the shape of their container and are nearly incompressible, maintaining their volume even under pressure. The density of a liquid is usually close to th ...

where there may be a schwa. Compare ''mčah'' "broken" and ''mla'' "tusk" . *When other consonants is followed by , there may be a schwa or

coarticulation Coarticulation in its general sense refers to a situation in which a conceptually isolated speech sound is influenced by, and becomes more like, a preceding or following speech sound. There are two types of coarticulation: ''anticipatory coarticul ...

. Compare ''trah'' "to fish" , ''tlao'' "to laugh" , ''dlao'' "to scold" , ''dhan'' "branch" , ''jhat'' "bad" , ''ghang'' "to roast" . * can also be heard as a more bilabial . * Glottalized final consonant sounds are heard only in final position.

Vowels

* are central (respectively ).

Notes

References

External links

Alphabet and pronunciation
* ELAR archive o
Documenting Bih
* {{Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages Chamic languages Languages of Vietnam