A bifid nose (also known as cleft nose) is an uncommon congenital malformation which is characterized by the presence of a cleft between the two nostrils of the nose. It is the result of a disturbance during embryological nose development. It is part of the Tessier classification for craniofacial clefts.

Signs and symptoms

The visibility of this malformation varies from person to person; from a barely noticeable "line" in the middle of the nose to the complete clefting of the nose which results in two "half noses", the airway is usually adequate. Individuals with this birth anomaly don't have any symptoms related to their bifid nose.

Complications

This condition is merely cosmetic, and the severity of it doesn't affect a person with the disorder (health-wise) since usually there is a normal and adequate nasal airway.

Diagnosis

This condition can be diagnosed by physical examination. This difference can serve as a diagnostic method since it occurs alongside other malformations, such as

frontonasal dysplasia Frontonasal dysplasia (FND) is a congenital malformation of the midface. For the diagnosis of FND, a patient should present at least two of the following characteristics: hypertelorism (an increased distance between the eyes), a wide nasal root, ve ...

, hypertelorbitism and cleft lips. Bifid noses can also be diagnosed prenatally via a coronal view of the face under

ultrasonography Ultrasound is sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing. Ultrasound is not different from "normal" (audible) sound in its physical properties, except that humans cannot hear it. This limit varies fr ...

, they typically have a broad appearance with "a cleavage between the nostrils resembling a double barrel gun".

Causes

This condition is caused due to incomplete fusion of both sides of the nose during embryonic life. This anomaly is highly hereditary: autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance patterns have been observed in multiple families. If the bifid nose is accompanied by abnormalities of the anorectal and renal systems, it may be part of a different separate genetic disorder (which is characterized by overlapping toes, renal adysplasia and variable anorectal anomalies) that is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in the FREM1 gene.

Treatment

Generally, sutures and rhinoplasty can be done in order to get rid of a bifid nose tip (though what surgery should be done depends on the severity of the cleft nose). Open W-shaped surgical incisions have also proven to be effective. Surgery is usually done before the age of 5.

Prevalence

This birth anomaly affects less than 0.0008% of people worldwide, making it the most common midline craniofacial cleft. 8% of people with bifid nose also have hypertelorism.

Bifid nose as a hereditary trait

Two forms of inheritance pattern for bifid noses have been described: autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant. One case per inheritance pattern follows: *Autosomal dominant: Anyane-Yeboa et al. (1984) describes 5 women from a 3-generation

American American(s) may refer to: * American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America" ** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America ** American ancestry, pe ...

family. Karyotypes and skull X-rays done on the younger sisters gave normal results. *Autosomal recessive: Boo-Chai et al. (1965) describes 3 siblings from a continental

Indian Indian or Indians may refer to: Peoples South Asia * Indian people, people of Indian nationality, or people who have an Indian ancestor ** Non-resident Indian, a citizen of India who has temporarily emigrated to another country * South Asia ...

family.

History

This condition was first described in medical literature in 1939 by Esser et al. when they described 5 children (4 siblings and a male first-cousin of theirs) from a single family.

Occurrence in animals

This condition can also occur in animals, such as

dogs The dog (''Canis familiaris'' or ''Canis lupus familiaris'') is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from the extinct Pleistocene wolf, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. Do ...

References

{{reflist Genetic diseases and disorders