is a

mail The mail or post is a system for physically transporting postcards, letters, and parcels. A postal service can be private or public, though many governments place restrictions on private systems. Since the mid-19th century, national postal sys ...

notification system for

Unix Unix (; trademarked as UNIX) is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that derive from the original AT&T Unix, whose development started in 1969 at the Bell Labs research center by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, an ...

Usage

When a new mail message is delivered, the program alerts the recipient so they can read it immediately. The alert is sent to the tty where the recipient is logged in, and contains the ''Subject'', ''From'' line, and first few lines of the body of the new message. The alert also includes terminal beeps to guarantee quick attention. Notification is enabled by the command : and disabled by :

Comsat

The biff utility was the user interface used to change notification preferences. The actual act of notifying the user was performed by a

daemon Daimon or Daemon (Ancient Greek: , "god", "godlike", "power", "fate") originally referred to a lesser deity or guiding spirit such as the daimons of ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, mythology and of later Hellenistic religion and Hell ...

called (short for "

communications satellite A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunication signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth ...

"). The daemon received messages via UDP describing the update to the mailbox, and would then inform the user of the new message.

Replacements

Because the sudden, unexpected printing of a block of text on a tty can be annoying if it overwrites more useful information on the screen that can't be easily regenerated, is not used very much any more. Some modern MTAs do not even support comsat (the server process which listens for reports of incoming mail) making useless. The general idea of the incoming mail alert has remained very popular even as the original biff and comsat have been almost completely abandoned. There are many replacements, several with similar names like , , , , , , and . The concept also extends outside the Unix world — the AOL "You've got mail" voice could be seen as a talking biff.

Variant

Some versions of , such as the one found in FreeBSD as of 4.7 have a third mode of operation. In addition to and it could be set to which would reduce the alert to just a pair of beeps, without any text written to the terminal. This makes less disruptive.

Origin and name

was written by John Foderero for 4.0BSD. It was named after a dog belonging to Heidi Stettner, another Berkeley CS student; the dog was well known to many students as he would accompany Stettner around campus. Eric Cooper, a student contemporary to Foderero and Stettner, reports that the dog would bark at the mail carrier, making it a natural choice for the name of a mail notification system. Stettner herself contradicts this.Jargon File
biff
/ref>

References

{{reflist Unix software Email