Bibliography of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac

This is an unannotated bibliography of writings about Fannie Mae and Freddie Macs such as the Federal Home Loan Bank System. While it is comprehensive, it is not exhaustive, with a focus on work published through 2011 by government agencies, economists, legal and policy scholars, private sector analysts and think tanks. It does not include Congressional testimony and shorter works. This bibliography is derived from .

Bibliography

A–D

Ambrose, Brent W., and Richard Buttimer. "GSE Impact on Rural Mortgage Markets." Regional Science and Urban Economics 35, no. 4 (2005): 417-443.
* Ambrose, Brent W., Richard Buttimer, and Thomas G. Thibodeau. "A New Spin on the Jumbo/Conforming Loan Rate Differential." The Journal of Real Estate and Finance Economics 23, no. 3 (2001): 309-335.
* Ambrose, Brent W., and Tao-Hsien Dolly King. "GSE Debt and the Decline in the Treasury Debt Market." Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 34, no. 3 (2002): 812-840.
* Ambrose, Brent W., Michael Lacour-Little, and Anthony B. Sanders. "The Effect of Conforming Loan Status on Mortgage Yield Spreads: A Loan Level Analysis." Real Estate Economics 32, no. 4 (2004): 541-569.

Ambrose, Brent W., and Anthony Pennington-Cross. "Local Economic Risk Factors and the Primary and Secondary Mortgage Markets." Regional Science and Urban Economics 30, no. 6 (2000): 683-701.
* Ambrose, Brent W., and Thomas G. Thibodeau. "Have the GSE Affordable Housing Goals Increased the Supply of Mortgage Credit?" Regional Science and Urban Economics 34, no. 3 (2004): 263-273.

Ambrose, Brent W., and Thomas G. Thibodeau with Kenneth Temkin. "An Analysis of the Effects of the GSE Affordable Goals on Low- and Moderate-Income Families." Prepared for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Policy Development and Research, Washington, DC, 2002.
* Ambrose, Brent W., and Arthur Warga. "Measuring Potential GSE Funding Advantages." Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 25, no. 2/3 (2002): 129-150.

Ambrose, Brent W., and Arthur Warga. "Pricing Effects in Fannie Mae Agency Bonds." Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 11, no. 3 (1995): 235-249.
* An, Xudong. "GSE Activity, FHA Feedback, and Implications for the Efficacy of the Affordable Housing Goals." The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 36, no. 2 (2006): 207-231.

An, Xudong, and Raphael W. Bostic. "Policy Incentives and the Extension of Mortgage Credit: Increasing Market Discipline for Subprime Lending." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 28, no. 3 (2009): 340-365.

An, Xudong, Raphael W. Bostic, Yongheng Deng, and Stuart A. Gabriel. "GSE Loan Purchases, the FHA, and Housing Outcomes in Targeted, Low-Income Neighborhoods." Paper presented at the Brookings-Wharton Conference on Urban Affairs, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, October 2006.

Ashcraft, Adam B., Morten L. Bech, and W. Scott Frame. "The Federal Home Loan Bank System: The Lender of Next-to-Last Resort?" Report no. 357, Federal Reserve Bank of New York, New York, NY, November 2008.
* Avramenko, Richard, and Richard Boyd. "Subprime Virtues: The Moral Dimensions of American Housing and Mortgage Policy." Perspectives on Politics, 11:1 (2013): 111-132.
* Bartlett, Steve, Alfred A. DelliBovi, and Marge Roukema. "Housing Policy After the S&L Crisis." Mortgage Banking 51, no. 4 (2005): 28-33.

Bennett, Rosalind L., Mark D. Vaughan, and Timothy J. Yeager. "Should the FDIC Worry About the FHLB? The Impact of Federal Home Loan Bank Advances on the Bank Insurance Fund." Working Paper WP 05-05, Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, Richmond, VA, 2005.
* Berson, David W. "The Business Economist at Work: The Economics Department at Fannie Mae." Business Economics 30, no. 3 (1995): 63-66.
* Beyer, Hans-Joachim, Claudia Dziobek, and John R. Garrett. "Economic and Legal Considerations of Optimal Privatization: Case Studies of Mortgage Firms (DePfa Group and Fannie Mae)." Working Paper WP/99/69, International Monetary Fund, Washington, DC, 1999.
* Blinder, Alan S., Mark J. Flannery, and G. Brandon Lockhart.
New Estimates of the Jumbo-Conforming Mortgage Spread
" Working Paper, Warrington College of Business Administration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2006.

Bond Market Association. An Investor's Guide to GSE Debt Securities. 2002.

Bond Market Association. Practice Guidelines for When Issued Trading in GSE Auctioned Securities. 2001.
* Burnett, Kimberly, and Linda B. Fosburg. "Study of the Multifamily Underwriting and the GSEs’ Role in the Multifamily Market: Expanded Version." Prepared for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Policy Development and Research, Washington, DC, August 2001.
* Burnett, Kimberly, Christopher E. Herbert, and Brian Maris. "Study of the Use of Credit Enhancements by Government Sponsored Enterprises." Prepared for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Policy Development and Research, Washington, DC, February 2001.
* Buttimer, Richard J. "The Financial Crisis: Imperfect Markets and Imperfect Regulation." Journal of Financial Economic Policy 3, no. 1 (2011): 12-32.
* Calomiris, Charles W., and Peter J. Wallison. "The Last Trillion-Dollar Commitment: The Destruction of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Journal of Structured Finance 15, no. 1 (2009): 71-80.
* Carnell, Richard Scott. "Handling the Failure of a Government-Sponsored Enterprise." Washington Law Review 80, no. 3 (2005): 565-642.
* Carrozzo, Peter M. "Marketing the American Mortgage: the Emergency Home Finance Act of 1970, Standardization and the Secondary Market Revolution." Real Property, Probate and Trust Journal 39, no. 4 (2005): 765-805.
* Cassell, Mark, and Susan Hoffmann. "What are the Federal Home Loan Banks Up To? Emerging Views of Purpose Among Institutional Leadership." Public Administration Review 62, no. 4 (2002): 461-470.

Center for American Progress. "A Responsible Market for Housing Finance." Draft White Paper on the Future of the U.S. Secondary Market for Residential Mortgages, Mortgage Finance Working Group, Washington, DC, December 2009.
* Cerda, Oscar, Elijah Brewer III, and Douglas D. Evanoff. "The Financial Safety Net: Costs, Benefits, and Implications." Chicago Fed Letter, The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, No. 171a, Chicago, IL, 2001.

Cleveland, Paul. "Freddie Mac: a Mercantilist Enterprise." Ludwig von Mises Institute, Auburn, AL, 2005.

Cochran, Jay, and Catherine England. "Neither Fish nor Fowl: An Overview of the Big-Three Government-Sponsored Enterprises in the U.S. Housing Finance Markets." Working Papers in Regulatory Studies, Mercatus Center, George Mason University, McLean, VA, 2001.
* Collender, Robert N., Samantha Roberts, and Valerie L. Smith. "Signals from the Markets for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Subordinated Debt." OFHEO Paper 07 – 4, Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC, 2007.
* Cotterman, Robert F., and James E. Pearce. "The Effects of the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation on Conventional Fixed-Rate Mortgage Yields." In Studies on Privatizing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, Final Report prepared for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research, McLean, VA, 1996.

Cummings, Jean, and Denise DiPasquale. "Developing a Secondary Market for Affordable Rental Housing: Lessons From the LIMAC/Freddie Mac and EMI/Fannie Mae Programs." Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research 4, no.1 (1997): 19-41.


Date, Raj. "The Giants Fall: Eliminating Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Make Markets Be Markets. Research Note, Cambridge Winter Center for Financial Institutions Policy, Cambridge, MA, 2010.

Date, Raj. "GSE Decision Tree: A Framework for Evaluating Housing Finance Alternatives." Cambridge Winter Center for Financial Institutions Policy, Cambridge, MA, 2010.
* Deep, Aksh, and Dietrich Domanski. "Housing Markets and Economic Growth: Lessons from the US Refinancing Boom." BIS Quarterly Review (September 2002): 37-45.
* DeGennaro, Ramon. "Government Sponsored Entities: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Journal of Structured Finance 14, no. 1 (2007): 18-22.

DiVenti, Theresa R. "Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: Past, Present, and Future." Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research 11, no. 3 (2009): 231-242.

Dynan, Karen, and Ted Gayer. "The Government’s Role in the Housing Finance System: Where Do We Go from Here?" Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2011.

E–H

Eisenbeis, Robert A., W. Scott Frame, and Larry D. Wall. "An Analysis of the Systemic Risks Posed by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and an Evaluation of the Policy Options for Reducing those Risks." Working Paper 2006-2, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 2006.
* Eisenbeis, Robert A., W. Scott Frame, and Larry D. Wall. "Resolving Large Financial Intermediaries: Banks Versus Housing Enterprises." Working Paper 2004-23a, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 2004.
* Eisenbeis, Robert A., and David J. Hartzell. "Capital-Adequacy Policies for GSEs." In Global Risk Based Capital Regulations, Volume I: Capital Adequacy, edited by Charles A. Stone, and Anne Zissu, 425-76. Burr Ride, IL: Richard D. Irwin, Inc, 1994.

Ellen, Ingrid G., John Napier, and Mark A. Willis. "Improving U.S. Housing Finance through Reform of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: Assessing the Options." Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy, New York University, New York, NY, 2010.
* Ely, Bert. "How to Privatize Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Presented to the 40th Annual Bank Structure Conference sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Chicago, IL, May 7, 2004.

Fahey, Nicole. "Fannie Mae’s Subordinated Debt Program." Fannie Mae, Washington, DC, 2001.


* [http://www.fanniemae.com/resources/file/mbs/pdf/gems_mega_term_sheet_032511.pdf;jsessionid=TJN5RFOZSE4QBJ2FQSHSFGA Fannie Mae. Guaranteed MBS Pass-Through Securities: Mega Certificates. Washington, DC, 2002.]

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. "Assessing the Banking Industry's Exposure to an Implicit Government Guarantee of GSEs." FYI: An Update on Emerging Issues in Banking, Washington, DC, 2004.
* Feldman, Ron J. "Mortgage Rates, Homeownership Rates, and Government-Sponsored Enterprises." The Region 16, no. 1 (2001): 4-23.

Ferguson, Thomas, and Robert Johnson. "Too Big to Bail: The ‘Paulson Put,’ Presidential Politics, and the Global Financial Meltdown." International Journal of Political Economy 38, no. 1 (2009): 3-34.

Ferullo, Mike, and Jonathan Nicholson. "CBO’s Estimate of Cost of the Administration’s Proposal to Authorize Federal Financial Assistance for the Government-Sponsored Enterprises for Housing." Congressional Budget Office, Washington, DC, 2008.
* Follain, James R., and Peter M. Zorn. "The Unbundling of Residential Mortgage Finance." Journal of Housing Research 1, no. 1 (1990): 63-89.

Forrester, Julia Patterson. "Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac Uniform Mortgage Instruments: The Forgotten Benefit to Homeowners." Missouri Law Review 72, no. 4 (1997): 1077-1109.
* Frame, W. Scott. "The 2008 Federal Intervention to Stabilize Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Journal of Applied Finance 18, no. 2 (2009): 124-136.
* Frame, W. Scott. "Charter Value, Risk-Taking Incentives, and Emerging Competition for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 39, no. 1 (2007): 83-103.
* Frame, W. Scott. "Federal Home Loan Bank Mortgage Purchases: Implications For Mortgage Markets." Economic Review 88, no. 3 (2003): 17-31.

Frame, W. Scott, and Larry D. Wall. "Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s Voluntary Initiatives: Lessons from Banking." Economic Review (Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta) 87, no. 1 (2002): 45-59.
* Frame, W. Scott, and Larry D. Wall. "Financing Housing Through Government-Sponsored Enterprises." Economic Review (Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta) 87, no. 1 (2002): 29-43.
* Frame, W. Scott, and Lawrence J. White. "Fussing and Fuming over Fannie and Freddie: How Much Smoke, How Much Fire?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 19, no. 2 (2005): 159-184.
* Frame, W. Scott, and Lawrence J. White. "Competition for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac?" Regulation 27, no. 3 (2004): 56-60.

Frame, W. Scott, and Lawrence J. White. "Emerging Competition and Risk-Taking Incentives At Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Working Paper 2004-04, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 2004.
* Frame, W. Scott, and Lawrence J. White. "Regulating Housing GSEs: Thoughts on Institutional Structure and Authorities." Economic Review 89, no. 2 (2004): 87-102.

Fratantoni, Michael, and Peter Niculescu. "Subsidies in a Context of Efficient Markets: A New Framework for Evaluating the Role of Fannie Mae." Working Paper, Washington Mutual; Foster School of Business, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 2005.
* Freeman, Lance, George Galster, and Ron Malega. "The Impact of Secondary Mortgage Market and GSE Purchases on Underserved Neighborhood Housing Markets: a Cleveland Case Study." Urban Affairs Review 42, (November 2006): 193-223.
* Gabriel, Stuart A. "Opening the Doors to Homeownership: Challenges to Federal Policy." Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research 5, no. 2 (2001): 31-41.

Gabriel, Stuart A., and Raphael Bostic. "Do the GSEs Matter to Low-Income Housing Markets? An Assessment of the Effects of GSE Loan Purchases on California Housing Outcomes." Journal of Urban Economics 59, no. 3 (2006): 458-475.
* Gabriel, Stuart A., and Stuart S. Rosenthal. "Do the GSEs Expand the Supply of Mortgage Credit? New Evidence of Crowd Out in the Secondary Mortgage Market." Journal of Public Economics 92, no. 11/12 (2010): 975-986.
* Gabriel, Stuart A., and Stuart S. Rosenthal. "Government-Sponsored Enterprises, the Community Reinvestment Act, and Home Ownership in Targeted Underserved Neighborhoods." In Housing Markets and the Economy, edited by Edward L. Glaeser, and John M. Quigley, 202-32. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 2009.
* Gan, Jie, and Timothy J. Riddiough. "Monopoly and Informational Advantage In the Residential Mortgage Market." Review of Financial Studies 21, no. 6 (2008): 2677-2703.
* Gatti, James F., and Ronald W. Spahr. "The Value of Federal Sponsorship: The Case of Freddie Mac." Real Estate Economics 25, no. 3 (1997): 453-485.
* Geddes, R. Richard. "Case Studies of Anticompetitive SOE Behavior." In Competing with the Government: Anticompetitive Behavior and Public Enterprises, 27-58. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2004.
* Gerardi, Kristopher, Harvey S. Rosen, and Paul Willen. "Do Households Benefit from Financial Deregulation and Innovation? The Case of the Mortgage Market." Working Paper 12967, NBER, Cambridge, MA, 2007.

Golding, Edward. "Freddie Mac’s and Fannie Mae’s Contribution to the Economy." Paper presented at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania Conference on Fixing the Financial System, Philadelphia, PA, April 27, 2005.
* Gonzalez-Rivera, Gloria. "Linkages Between Secondary and Primary Markets for Mortgages: The Role of Retained Portfolio Investments of the Government-Sponsored Enterprises." Journal of Fixed Income 11, no. 1 (2001): 29-36.
* Green, Richard K., and Susan Wachter. "The American Mortgage in Historical and International Context." Journal of Economic Perspectives 19, no. 4 (2005): 93-114.

Greenspan, Alan. Government Sponsored Enterprises. Conference on Housing, Mortgage Finance, and the Macroeconomy, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, May 19, 2005.
* Gross, David B. "The Government's Role in Promoting Financial Sector Stability." Fannie Mae, Washington, DC, 2003.
* GSE Report. The Bi-Weekly Report Series. Canfield and Associates, Inc, Washington, DC, 2002-2009.
* Gup, Benton E. "Are Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Too Big to Fail?" In Too Big to Fail: Policies and Practices in Government Bailouts, 287-327. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003.

Hancock, Diana, and Wayne Passmore. "Catastrophic Mortgage Insurance and The Reform of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2011.
* Hancock, Diana, and Wayne Passmore. "The Future of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Journal of Applied Finance 21, no. 1 (2011): 145-148.

Hancock, Diana, and Wayne Passmore. "Three Initiatives Enhancing the Mortgage Market and Promoting Financial Stability." The Berkeley Electronic Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 9, no. 3 (2009): Art. 16
* Harrison, David A., Wayne R. Archer, David C. Ling, and Marc T. Smith. "Mitigating Information Externalities in Mortgage Markets: The Role of Government-Sponsored Enterprises." Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research 6, no. 1 (2002): 115-143.

Hassan, Qumber, and Mahesh Swaminathan. "GSEs – Still the Best Answer for Housing Finance." Credit Suisse Mortgage Market Comment, October 6, 2009.

Hill, Julie Andersen. "Bailouts and Credit Cycles: Fannie, Freddie, and the Farm Credit System." Wisconsin Law Review 2010, no. 1 (2010): 1-77.
* Hunter, Oakley. "The Federal National Mortgage Association: Its Response to Critical Financing Requirements of Housing." George Washington Law Review 39, no. 4 (1971): 818-834.

I–L

* Immergluck, Dan. "Fannie, Freddie, and the Future." The American Prospect 22, no. 5 (2011): A19-A22.
* Immergluck, Dan. Foreclosed: High-Risk Lending, Deregulation, and the Undermining of America's Mortgage Market. New York, NY: Cornell University Press, 2009.

Jaffee, Dwight M. "The Future Role of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in the U.S. Mortgage Market." Paper presented at AEA/AREUEA session "The Future of the GSEs," Atlanta, GA (January 3, 2010).

* Jaffee, Dwight M. "Reregulating Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." In Lessons from the Financial Crisis, edited by Robert Kolb, 617-23. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010.
* Jaffee, Dwight M. "The Role of the GSEs and Housing Policy in the Financial Crisis." Prepared for presentation to the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, Washington, DC, February 27, 2010.

Jaffee, Dwight M. "Monoline Regulations to Control the Systemic Risk Created by Investment Banks and GSEs." The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 9, no. 3 (2009).
* Jaffee, Dwight M. "Reforming Fannie and Freddie." Regulation 31, no. 4 (2009): 52-57.
* Jaffee, Dwight M. "Controlling the Interest Rate Risk of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Policy Brief No. 2006-PB-04, Networks Financial Institute (2006).

Jaffee, Dwight M. "Reigning in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: How Can We Control the Mortgage Giants' Interest Rate Risk?" Regulation 29, no. 3 (2006): 22-27.

Jaffee, Dwight M. "Comments on the Paper by Lawrence White: ‘On Truly Privatizing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: Why It’s Important and How to Do It.’" Working Paper No. 05-33, Wharton Financial Institutions, 2005

Jaffee, Dwight. "On Limiting the Retained Mortgage Portfolios of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Working Paper No. 05-38, Wharton Financial Institution Center, 2005.
* Jaffee, Dwight. "The Interest Rate Risk of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Journal of Financial Services Research 24, no. 1 (2003): 5-29.

Jaffee, Dwight M. "The Effect on the Mortgage Markets of Privatizing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." American Enterprise Institute (2000).
* Jaffee, Dwight M., and Edward L. Glaeser. "What to do About Fannie and Freddie." The Economists’ Voice 3, no. 7 (2006): Art. 5.

Jaffee, Dwight M., and John M. Quigley. "The Future of the Government Sponsored Enterprises: The Role for Government in the U.S. Mortgage Market." Working Paper No. w17685, NBER, 2011.
* Jaffee, Dwight M., and John M. Quigley. "The Government Sponsored Enterprises: Recovering From a Failed Experiment." Working Paper No. W09-001, Institute of Business and Economic Research, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 2009.
* Jaffee, Dwight M., and Gerd M. Welke. "The Risk-Based Capital Test for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Journal of Financial Services 24, no. 1 (2003): 5-29.
* Jaffee, Dwight M., et al. "What to Do About the Government Sponsored Enterprises." In Restoring Financial Stability, edited by Viral Acharya, and Matthew Richardson, 121-38. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2009.
* Jeske, Karsten, and Dirk Krueger. "Housing and the Macroeconomy: The Role of Implicit Guarantees for Government-Sponsored Enterprises." Working Paper 2005-15, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 2005.
* Jones, Oliver. "The Development of an Effective Secondary Mortgage Market." The Journal of Finance 17, no. 2 (1962): 358-370.
* Kane, Edward J. "Housing Finance GSEs: Who Gets the Subsidy." Journal of Financial Services Research 15, no. 3 (1999): 197-209.
* Kane, Edward J., and Chester Foster. "Valuing Conjectural Government Guarantees of FNMA Liabilities." In Proceedings of Conference on Bank Structure and Competition, 346-68. Chicago: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 1986.
* Kendall, L.T. "Securitization: a New Era in American Finance." In A Primer on Securitization, edited by L.T. Kendall, and M.J. Fisman, 1-16. Massachusetts, MA: MIT Press, 1996.

Kling, Arnold. "Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, An Exit Strategy for the Taxpayer." Briefing Paper no. 106, Cato Institute, Washington, DC, 2009.
* Koppell, Jonathan G.S. The Politics of Quasi-Government: Hybrid Organizations and the Control of Public Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
* Koppell, Jonathan G.S. "Hybrid Organizations and the Alignment of Interests: The Case of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Public Administration Review 61, no. 4 (2001): 468-482.

Kosar, Kevin R. "Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs): An Institutional Overview." Report RS21663, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress Report for Congress, Washington, DC, December 20, 2005.
* Krehely, Bradley K. "Government Sponsored Enterprises: A Discussion of the Federal Subsidy of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." North Carolina Banking Institute 6 (2002): 519-544.
* Kupiec, Paul, and David Nickerson. "Assessing Systemic Risk Exposure from Banks and GSEs Under Alternative Approaches to Capital Regulation." Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 28, no. 2/3 (2004): 123-145.
* LaCour-Little, Michael. "The Evolving Role of Technology in Mortgage Finance." Journal of Housing Research 11, no. 2 (2000): 173-205.
* Lea, Michael J. "Innovation and the Cost of Mortgage Credit: a Historical Perspective." Housing Policy Debate 7, no. 1 (1996): 147-174.
* Lehnert, Andreas, Wayne Passmore, and Shane M. Sherlund. "GSEs, Mortgage Rates, and Secondary Market Activities." FEDS Working Paper No. 2006-30, Federal Reserve, Washington, DC, 2006.
* Listokin, David, Elvin K. Wyly, Brian Schmitt, and Ioan Voicu. "The Potential and Limitations of Mortgage Innovation in Fostering Homeownership in the United States." Housing and Policy Debate 12, no. 3 (2002): 465-513.

Lockhart, James B. "FHFA’s First Anniversary and Challenges Ahead." Presented to the National Press Club, Washington, DC, July 30, 2009.
* Lore, K.G., and C.L. Cowan. Mortgage-Backed Securities: Developments and Trends in the Secondary Mortgage Market. St. Paul, MN: Thompson-West, 2005. See esp. chap. 1, "Overview of Mortgage-Backed Securities and the Secondary Mortgage Market," chap. 2, "The Public and Private Sectors in the Secondary Mortgage Market."
* Loutskina, Elena, and Philip E. Strahan. "Securitization and the Declining Impact of Bank Finance on Loan Supply: Evidence from Mortgage Acceptance Rates." The Journal of Finance 64, no. 2 (2006): 861-889.

Lucas, Deborah, and Robert McDonald. "Valuing Government Guarantees: Fannie and Freddie Revisited." In Measuring and Managing Federal Financial Risk, 131-54. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2010.

Lucas, Deborah, and Robert McDonald. "An Options-Based Approach to Evaluating the Risk of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Paper prepared for the 2005 Carnegie Rochester Public Policy Conference (August 2005).
* Luke, R.D., L.F. Burke, D.G. Glennie, and E.C. de Bouter, eds. Securitization. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 1998.

M–P

Marron, Donald, and Phillip Swagel. "Whither Fannie and Freddie? A Proposal for Reforming the Housing GSEs." E21 – Economic Policies for the 21st Century Commentary Series (2006): 1-19.
* McLean, Bethany. "Shaky Ground: The Strange Saga of the U.S. Mortgage Giants". New York: Columbia Global Reports (2015)
* McClure, Kirk. "The Twin Mandates Given to the GSEs: Which Works Best, Helping Low-Income Homebuyers or Helping Underserved Areas?" Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research 5, no. 3 (2001): 107-143.
* McKenzie, Joseph A. "A Reconsideration of the Jumbo/Non-Jumbo Mortgage Rate Differential." Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 25, no. 2/3 (2002): 197-213.


* Miller, James C., and James E. Pearce. "Revisiting the Net Benefits of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae." Prepared for Freddie Mac, McLean, VA, 2006.

Mixon, John. "Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac Home Mortgage Documents Interpreted as Nonrecourse Debt (with Poetic Comments Lifted from Carl Sandburg)." California Western Law Review 45, no. 1 (2008): 35-88.
* Moe, Ronald C., and Thomas H. Stanton. "Government-Sponsored Enterprises as Federal Instrumentalities: Reconciling Private Management with Public Accountability." Public Administration Review 49, no. 4 (1989): 321-329.

Moody’s Investors Service. "Not All Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae Accounting is Comparable, Even After Their Restatements." Special Comment, New York, NY, 2007.
* Morgenson, Gretchen, and Joshua Rosner. Reckless Endangerment: How Outsized Ambition, Greed, and Corruption Led to Economic Armageddon. New York: Times Books/Henry Holt and Co, 2011.

Mortgage Bankers Association. "MBA’s Recommendations For the Future Government Role in the Core Secondary Mortgage Market." Council on Insuring Mortgage Liquidity, Washington, DC, August 2009.

Mortgage Bankers Association. "Defining the Boundaries of GSE Activity." Issue Paper, Washington, DC, January 2005.

Mortgage Bankers Association. "Sustaining Prosperity: The Role of Real Estate Finance in our Nation’s Economy." Report to Congress, Washington, DC, April 2005.
* Mortgage Bankers Association. "Why the Bright Line Helps Mortgage Markets: MBA Rebuttal to Freddie Mac Bright Line Paper." Issue Paper, Washington, DC, April 2005.

Moulton, Shawn. "The 1992 GSE Act and Loan Application Outcomes." Presented at the "Past, Present, and Future of the Government Sponsored Enterprises" conference organized by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, November 17, 2010.
* Musolf, Lloyd. "Government-Sponsored Enterprises and Congress." Public Administration Review 51, no. 2 (1991): 131-137.

Myers, Jr., Samuel L. "Government-Sponsored Enterprise Secondary Market Decisions: Effects on Racial Disparities in Home Mortgage Loan Rejection Rates." Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research 6, no. 1 (2002): 85-113.
* Naranjo, Andy, and Alden Toevs. "The Effects of Purchases of Mortgages and Securitizations by Government Sponsored Enterprises on Mortgage Yield Spreads and Volatility." Journal of Real Estate and Finance Economics 25, no. 2/3 (2002): 173-195

National Fair Housing Alliance. "Public Input on Reform of the Housing Finance System." Docket No. TREAS-DO-2010-0001; HUD-2010-0029, National Fair Housing Alliance, Washington, DC, July 21, 2010.

National Home Equity Mortgage Association. "NHEMA's GSE Policy Statement." Washington, DC, November 1999.

Noland, Doug. "Bubble Bubble Mortgage Trouble." The International Economy, (Summer 2004): 48-53.
* Noland, Doug. "The Great Experiment." The International Economy 14, no. 2 (2000): 34-61.
* Nothaft, Frank E., and James L. Freund. "The Evolution of Securitization in Multifamily Mortgage Markets and Its Effect on Lending Rates." Journal of Real Estate Research 25, no. 2 (2003): 91-112.
* Nothaft, Frank E., James Pearce, and Stevan Stevanovic. "Debt Spreads Between GSEs and Other Corporations." Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 25, no. 2/3 (2002): 151-172.

Nott, Loretta, and Barbara Miles. "GSE Regulatory Reform: Frequently Asked Questions." Report RS21724, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Washington, DC, 2005.
* Oesterle, Dale A. "The Collapse of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: Victims or Villains?" Entrepreneurial Business Law Journal 5, no. 2 (2010): 733-760.
* Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight. "Community Banks and the Case for GSE Reform." Paper presented at the America’s Community Bankers Government Affairs Conference, Washington, DC, March 5, 2007.
* Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight. "Mortgage Markets and the Enterprises." Research Paper, Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight, Washington, DC, 2001-2008.

Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight. "Systemic Risk: Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the Role of OFHEO." Report to Congress. Washington, DC, February 4, 2003.
* Page, Evan. "Federal Housing Help Falls Short: The Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008." Loyola Consumer Law Review 21, no. 2 (2008): 249-267.

Paige, Leslie K. "Corporate Welfare for the Politically Connected: The Story of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." In Through the Looking Glass, A Citizens Against Government Waste Special Report, Washington, DC: Citizens Against Public Waste, 2000.
* Passmore, Wayne. "The GSE Implicit Subsidy and the Value of Government Ambiguity." Working Paper Number 2005-05, Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, Washington, DC United States, 2005.
* Passmore, Wayne, Shane M. Sherlund, and Gillian Burgess. "The Effect of Housing Government-Sponsored Enterprises on Mortgage Rates." Working Paper Number 2005-06, Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, Washington, DC, 2006.
* Passmore, Wayne, and Roger Sparks. "Putting the Squeeze on the Market for Lemons; Government-Sponsored Mortgage Securitization." The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 13, no. 1 (1996): 27-45.
* Passmore, Wayne, Roger Sparks, and Jamie Ingpen. "GSEs, Mortgage Rates, and the Long-Run Effects of Mortgage Securitization." Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 25, No. 2/3 (2002): 215-242.

Pearce, James E. "Mortgage Purchases in Low-Income and High-Minority Neighborhoods: 1994-96." Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research 5, no. 3 (2001): 265-316.

Pearce, James E., and James C. Miller III. "Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae: Their Funding Advantage and Benefits to Consumers." Freddie Mac, McLean, VA, January 9, 2001.
* Peek, Joe, and James A. Wilcox. "Secondary Mortgage Markets, GSEs, and the Changing Cyclicality of Mortgage Flows." In Research in Finance, edited by John Kensinger, 61-80. Bradford, West Yorkshire: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2003.

Pennington-Cross, Anthony. Subprime & Prime Mortgages: Loss Distributions. OFHEO Working Paper Number 03-1, Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight, Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC, 2003.

Peterson, Christopher Lewis. "Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Home Mortgage Foreclosure Crisis." Loyola University New Orleans Journal of Public Interest Law 10, no. 2 (2009): 149-179.

Pinto, Edward J. "Government Housing Policies in the Lead-up to the Financial Crisis: A Forensic Study." Working Paper, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC, 2010.
* Plank, Thomas E. "Proposed Regulatory Solution: Regulation and Reform of the Mortgage Market and the Nature of Mortgage Loans: Lessons From Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." South Carolina Law Review 60, no. 3 (2009): 779-806.
* Plank, Thomas E. "Regulation and Reform of the Mortgage Market and the Nature of Mortgage Loans: Lessons from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." South Carolina Law Review 60, no. 3 (2009): 780-807.

Pollock, Alex J. "End GSEs’ Perpetual Charters." American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington, DC, January 23, 2006.
* Pollock, Alex J. "American ‘Housing GSEs’: Past Triumphs, Present Tensions, Possible Futures." Prepared for the American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC, 2005.

Pollock, Alex J. "The Housing GSEs: Through Competition to Privatization." Financial Services Outlook (2004).

Poole, William. "The GSEs: Where Do We Stand?" Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 89, no. 3 (2007): 143-151.

Poon, Martha A. "From New Deal Institutions to Capital Markets: Commercial Consumer Risk Scores and the Making of Subprime Mortgage Finance." Accounting, Organizations and Society 35, no. 5 (2008): 654-674.

Pozen, Robert C. "Toward A Three Tiered Market for US Home Mortgages." The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 2011.

Q–U

* Quercia, Roberto G., George W. McCarthy, and Susan W. Wachter. "The Impacts of Affordable Lending Efforts on Homeownership Rates." Journal of Housing Economics 12: no. 1 (2002): 29-59.
* Quigley, John M. "Federal Credit and Insurance Programs: Housing." Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review 88, no. 4 (2006): 1-29.
* Ramage, Sally. "Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in Administration." Working Paper, September 8, 2008.

Reiss, David. "Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: Implications for Credit Unions." Filene Research Institute Research Brief, Madison, WI, 2011.

Reiss, David. "Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and the Future of Federal Housing Finance Policy: A Study of Regulatory Privilege." Alabama Law Review 61, no. 5 (2010): 907-955.
* Reiss, David. "The Role of the Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac Duopoly in the American Housing Market." Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance 17, no. 3 (2009): 336-348.
* Reiss, David. "The Federal Government's Implied Guarantee of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac's Obligations: Uncle Sam Will Pick Up the Tab." Georgia Law Review 42, no. 4 (2008): 1019-1081.


* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160307205005/https://m.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/memoranda/m96-05.pdf Rivlin, Alice M. "Specifications for Creating Government Corporations." Memorandum for Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies, Executive Office of the President, Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC, December 8, 1995.]

Roll, Richard. "Benefits to Homeowners From Mortgage Portfolios Retained by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Journal of Financial Services Research 23, No. 1 (2003): 29-42.

Rudman, Warren B. et al. "A Report to the Special Review Committee of the Board of Directors of Fannie Mae." Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP, Huron Consulting Group Inc., February 23, 2006.
* Sale, Winston. "Effect of the Conservatorship of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac on Affordable Housing." Journal of Affordable Housing 18, no. 3 (2009): 287-320.

Sanders, Anthony B. "Measuring the Benefits of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to Consumers: Between De Minimis and Small?" Working Paper 05-36, Wharton Financial Institution, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 2005.
* Sanders, Anthony B. "Government Sponsored Agencies: Do the Benefit Outweigh the Costs?" The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 25, no. 2/3 (2002): 121-127.
* Scharfstein, David, and Adi Sunderam. "The Economics of Housing Finance Reform: Privatizing, Regulating and Backstopping Mortgage Markets." Prepared for presentation at the Restructuring the U.S. Residential Mortgage Market Conference sponsored by the Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, February 11, 2011.
* Schmid, Frank A. "Stock Return and Interest Rate Risk at Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Review of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 87, no. 1 (2005): 35-48.

Schmid, Frank A. "Conjectural Guarantees Loom Large: Evidence from the Stock Returns of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Working Paper 2003-031A, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 2003.

Schuster, Ronald K. "Lending Discrimination: Is the Secondary Market Helping to Make the ‘American Dream’ a Reality?" Gonzaga Law Review 36, no. 1 (2000): 153-182.

Segal, William, and Edward J. Szymanoski. "Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Multifamily Mortgage Market." Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research 4, no. 1 (1998): 59-91.

* Segal, William, and Edward J. Szymanoski. "The Multifamily Secondary Mortgage Market: the Role of Government-Sponsored Enterprises." Working Paper No. HF-002, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC, March 1997.
* Seidman, Harold. "Government Corporations in the United States." Optimum 22, no. 2 (1991): 40-44.
* Seidman, Harold, T. H. Stanton, and G.T. Woodward. "Government Sponsored Enterprises." Public Budgeting & Finance 9, no. 3 (1989): 76-93.
* Stanton, Thomas H. "The Failure of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and the Future of Government Support for the Housing Finance System." Journal of Law & Policy, 18, no. 1, 2009: 217-261.

Stanton, Thomas H. "Government-Sponsored Enterprises: Reality Catches up to Public Administration Theory." Public Administration Review 69, no. 4 (2009): 632-639.
* Stanton, Thomas H. "The Life Cycle of the Government-Sponsored Enterprise: Lessons for Design and Accountability." Public Administration Review 67, no. 5 (2007): 837-845.
* Stanton, Thomas H. "The Privatization of Sallie Mae and its Consequences." Prepared for the American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC, June 26, 2007.

Stanton, Thomas H. "‘Measuring the Benefits of Fannie and Freddie Mac to Consumers: Between De Minimis and Small?’: Comments on Professor Anthony Sander’s Paper." Working Paper No. 05-37, Wharton Financial Institutions, 2005.
* Stanton, Thomas H. Government-Sponsored Enterprises: Mercantilist Companies in the Modern World. Washington, DC: AEI Press, 2002.

Stanton, Thomas H. "Government-Sponsored Enterprises and Changing Markets: The Need for an Exit Strategy." The Financier 2, no. 2 (1995): 27-42.

Stanton, Thomas H. "Saying Goodbye When the Job is Done: The Coming Privatization of Government-Sponsored Enterprises." IPI Policy Report - #133, Institute for Policy Innovation, Lewisville, TX, September 1, 1995.
* Stanton, Thomas H. "Federal Supervision of Safety and Soundness of Government-Sponsored Enterprises." The Administrative Law Journal 5, no. 2 (1991): 395-484.
* Stanton, Thomas H. A State of Risk. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 1991.
* Stanton, Thomas H. "Increasing the Accountability of Government Sponsored Enterprises: First Steps." Public Administration Review 50, no. 5 (1990): 590-593.
* Stanton, Thomas H. "Budgetary Consequences of Using a Government Sponsored Enterprise to Provide Financial Assistance to the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation." Journal of Public Budgeting & Finance 9, no. 3 (1989): 76-91.

Stiglitz, Joseph E., Jonathan M. Orszag, and Peter R. Orszag. "Implications of the New Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Risk-based Capital Standard." Fannie Mae Papers 1, no. 2 (2002): 1-10.

Stojanovic, Dusan, Mark D. Vaughn, and Timothy J. Yeager. "Is the Federal Home Loan Bank System Good for Banks? A Look At Evidence on Membership, Advances and Risk." Working Paper No. 2005-02, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 2005.
* Strickland, Jason T. "The Proposed Regulatory Changes to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: an Analysis." North Carolina Banking Institute Journal 8 (2004): 267-287.

Tarr, David G. "The Political, Regulatory, and Market Failures that Caused the US Financial Crisis: What are the Lessons?" Journal of Financial Economic Policy 2, no. 2 (2010): 163-186.

Temkin, Kenneth, Jennifer E. Johnson, and Diane Levy. "Subprime Markets, the Role of GSEs, and Risk-Based Pricing." Prepared for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Policy Development and Research, the Urban Institute, Washington, DC, March 2002.

Toevs, Alden L. "A Critique of the CBO’s 2001 Study on ‘Federal Subsidies and the Housing GSEs.’" First Manhattan Consulting Group, New York, NY, May 22, 2001.

Toevs, Alden L. "A Critique of the CBO’s Sponsorship Benefit Analysis." First Manhattan Consulting Group, New York, NY, 2001

United States Congressional Budget Office. Updated Estimates of the Subsidies to the Housing GSEs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2004.

United States Congressional Budget Office. Effects of Repealing Fannie Mae's and Freddie Mac's SEC Exemptions. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2003.

United States Congressional Budget Office. Federal Subsidies and the Housing GSEs. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001.
* United States Congressional Budget Office. Interest Rate Differentials Between Jumbo and Conforming Mortgages, 1995-2000. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001.
* United States Congressional Budget Office. Assessing the Public Costs and Benefits of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996.

United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, Treasury Task Force on Predatory Lending. Curbing Predatory Home Mortgage Lending. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2000.
* United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office Of Policy Development And Research. Studies on Privatizing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997.
* United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. Privatization of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: Desirability and Feasibility. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996.
* United States Department of the Treasury. Report on Government Sponsored Enterprises. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990.

United States General Accounting Office. Government Sponsored Enterprises the Government’s Exposure to Risks: Report to Congress. Publication No. GAO/GGD-90-97, 1990.

United States Government Accountability Office. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: Analysis of Options for Revising the Housing Enterprises’ Long-term Structures. GAO -09-782, 2009.


United States Government Accountability Office. Housing Government-Sponsored Enterprises: A New Oversight Structure Is Needed. GAO-05-576T, 2005.

United States Government Accountability Office. Consumer Protection: Federal and State Agencies Face Challenges in Combating Predatory Lending. GAO-04-280, 2004.


United States Government Accountability Office. A Framework for Strengthening GSE Governance and Oversight. GAO-04-269T, 2004.

United States Government Accountability Office. Housing Enterprises: The Roles of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in the U.S. Housing Finance System. GAO/T-GGD-00-182, 2000.

United States Government Accountability Office. Federal Housing Enterprises: HUD’s Mission Oversight Needs to Be Strengthened. Publication No. GAO/GGD-98-173, 1998.


Utt, Ronald D. "Time to Reform Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Backgrounder, no. 1861 (2005): 1-9.

V–Z

* Van Order, Robert. "Government Sponsored Enterprises and Resource Allocation: With Some Implications for Urban Economies." Working Paper 1085, Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 2007.
* Van Order, Robert. "Comment: Some Notes of the Effects of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac on Mortgage Markets." The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics 23, no. 3 (2001): 365-374.

Van Order, Robert. "The Structure and Evolution of American Secondary Mortgage Markets, with Some Implications for Developing Markets." International Union for Housing Finance 16, no. 1 (2001): 16-36.
* Van Order, Robert. "A Microeconomic Analysis of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Regulation 23, no. 2 (2000): 27-33.
* Van Order, Robert. "The U.S. Mortgage Market: A Model of Dueling Charters." Journal of Housing Research 11, no. 2 (2000): 233-255.

Wallison, Peter J. "Eliminating the GSEs as Part of Comprehensive Housing Finance Reform." Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2011.

Wallison, Peter J. "The Dead Shall be Raised: The Future of Fannie and Freddie." Financial Services Outlook, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC, January–February 2010.

Wallison, Peter J. "Going Cold Turkey: Three Ways to End Fannie and Freddie Without Slicing Up the Taxpayers." Financial Services Outlook, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC, September 2010.

Wallison, Peter J. "Cause and Effect: Government Policies and the Financial Crisis." Financial Services Outlook, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC, November 2008.

Wallison, Peter J. "Fannie and Freddie by Twilight." Financial Services Outlook, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC, August 2008.

Wallison, Peter J. "The Evolution of a Policy Idea: How Restrictions on the Size of the GSEs’ Portfolios Became the Central Issue in Reform of Their Regulation." Policy Brief No. 2006-PB-03, Networks Financial Institute, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN, March 2006.

Wallison, Peter J. "The Case for Privatizing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Grows Stronger." Financial Services Outlook, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC, 2004.
* Wallison, Peter J. "Ominous Signs: After Years of Muscling and/or Seducing, Fannie and Freddie Face Some Challenges Bigger Than They Ever Expected." The International Economy 18, no. 3 (2004): 58-61.
* Wallison, Peter J. "Are Fannie and Freddie Safe and Sound?" The International Economy 17, no. 3 (2003): 8-11.
* Wallison, Peter J. "The Fannie/Freddie Time Bomb." The International Economy 16, no. 4 (2002): 28-31.
* Wallison, Peter J. "Leveraging Uncle Sam." The International Economy 14, no. 2 (2000): 32-59.

Wallison, Peter J., and Charles W. Calomiris. "The Last Trillion-Dollar Commitment: The Destruction of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac." Financial Services Outlook, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC, September 2008.
* Wallison, Peter J., and Bert Ely. Nationalizing Mortgage Risk. Washington, DC: The AEI Press, 2000.

Wallison, Peter J., Alex J. Pollock, and Edward J. Pinto. "Taking the Government Out of Housing Finance: Principles for Reforming the Housing Finance Market." American Enterprise Institute Policy White Paper Preliminary Draft, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC, January 20, 2011.
* Wallison, Peter J., Thomas H. Stanton, and Bert Ely. "Privatizing Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Home Loan Banks: Why and How." Washington, DC: The AEI Press, 2004.
* Wallison, Peter J., ed. Serving Two Masters, Yet Out of Control: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Washington, DC: AEI Press, 2001.

Walter, John R., and John A. Weinberg. "How Large is the Federal Financial Safety Net?" The Cato Journal 21, no. 3 (Winter 2002): 369-393.
* Weisbach, David A., and Jacob Nussim. "The Integration of Tax and Spending Programs." Yale Law Journal 113, no. 8 (2004): 955-1028.

Weiss, Eric. "Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s Financial Problems: Frequently Asked Questions." Report RS22916, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Washington, DC, August 4, 2008.

Weiss, Eric. "GSE Reform: A New Affordable Housing Fund." Report RS22336, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Washington, DC, November 28, 2005.

Weiss, Eric. "Limiting Fannie Mae’s and Freddie Mac’s Portfolio Size." Report RS22307, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Washington, DC, October 21, 2005.
* White, Lawrence J. "On Truly Privatizing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac: Why It's Important, and How to Do It." Housing Finance International 20, no. 2 (2005): 13-19.
* White, Lawrence J. "Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Housing Finance: Why True Privatization is Good Public Policy." Policy Analysis No. 528, Cato Institute, Washington, DC, October 7, 2004.
* White, Lawrence J. "Focusing on Fannie and Freddie: The Dilemmas of Reforming Housing Finance." Journal of Financial Services Research 23, no. 1 (2003): 43-58.

White, Lawrence J. "Reforming Fannie and Freddie: Privatization is the Way." Working Paper EC-02-10, Stern School of Business, New York University, New York, NY, 2002.
* Willemann, Soren. "GSE Funding Advantages and Mortgagor Benefits: Answers From Asset Pricing." Working Paper, Aarhus School of Business, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark, 2005.
* Williams, Richard A., Eileen McConnell, and Reynold Nesiba. "The Effects of the GSEs, CRA, and Institutional Characteristics on Home Mortgage Lending to Underserved Markets." Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research 5, no. 3 (2001): 9-106.
* Woodward, Susan E. "Rechartering Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae: The Policy Issues." Working Paper, Sand Hill Econometrics, Sonoma, CA, 2005.
* Xu, Xiaoqing Eleanor, and Hung-Gay Fung. "What Moves the Mortgage-Backed Securities Market?" Real Estate Economics 33, no. 2 (2005): 397-426.

Zigas, Barry. "Re-engineering the Mortgage Finance System: Charting a Future Course for the Secondary Market." Consumer Federation of America, Washington, DC, December 2, 2009.

References

External links

C-SPAN ''After Words'' interview with Bethany McLean on ''Shaky Ground'', October 17, 2015

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
Fannie Mae
Mortgage industry of the United States