Cariban languages

Kuikúro-Kalapálo

Luke was translated into the

Kuikuro language Amonap, also known as Apalakiri, is a Cariban language spoken by the Kuikuro and Kalapalo peoples of Brazil, and formerly by the Matipu. It is spoken in seven villages along the Culuene River in the Xingu Indigenous Park of Mato Grosso.Seki, Lu ...

by missionaries with Worldwinds International. It was completed in 2007.

Aymara

The

Gospel of Luke The Gospel of Luke), or simply Luke (which is also its most common form of abbreviation). tells of the origins, birth, ministry, death, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus Christ. Together with the Acts of the Apostles, it makes up a two-volu ...

Aymara Aymara may refer to: Languages and people * Aymaran languages, the second most widespread Andean language ** Aymara language, the main language within that family ** Central Aymara, the other surviving branch of the Aymara(n) family, which today ...

, translated by

Vicente Pazos Kanki Vicente is an Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese name. Like its French variant, Vincent, it is derived from the Latin name ''Vincentius'' meaning "conquering" (from Latin ''vincere'', "to conquer"). Vicente may refer to: Location *São Vicente, Cap ...

, a former priest from

Alto Perú Upper Peru (; ) is a name for the land that was governed by the Real Audiencia of Charcas. The name originated in Buenos Aires towards the end of the 18th century after the Audiencia of Charcas was transferred from the Viceroyalty of Peru to th ...

, in cooperation with the Scottish baptist pastor James Thompson, was published in 1828, which was the first publication of a whole book of the Bible in a Native American language. The first translation of the

New Testament The New Testament grc, Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, transl. ; la, Novum Testamentum. (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Christ ...

appeared in 1954, and the translation of the whole Bible into Aymara was published the first time in 1986, second time in 1997. A modernized edition in the contemporary orthography and with deuterocanonicals appeared in 2003. Aymara Bible editions from both 1997 and 2011 have been accessible on Bible portals since about 2012.

Quechuan languages

The

Catechism A catechism (; from grc, κατηχέω, "to teach orally") is a summary or exposition of doctrine and serves as a learning introduction to the Sacraments traditionally used in catechesis, or Christian religious teaching of children and adult c ...

and the ''

Doctrina christiana The ''Doctrina Christiana'' ( eng, Christian Doctrine) was an early book on the catechism of the Catholic Church, written in 1593 by Fray Juan de Plasencia, and is believed to be one of the earliest printed books in the Philippines. Title Sp ...

'' were published in 1584, shortly after Spanish conquest, in a version in

Quechua Quechua may refer to: *Quechua people, several indigenous ethnic groups in South America, especially in Peru *Quechuan languages, a Native South American language family spoken primarily in the Andes, derived from a common ancestral language **So ...

and

approved by the Council of Lima (Ciudad de los Reyes) in 1583, but attempts to translate the Bible into these languages were suppressed by the Spanish authorities and the Catholic Church. Only in the 19th century missionaries began to translate the

into Quechua. In 1822 the Scottish baptist pastor James Thompson planned to translate the whole Bible into Quechua and

. During the Peruvian war of independence he was called by

José de San Martín José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras (25 February 177817 August 1850), known simply as José de San Martín () or '' the Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru'', was an Argentine general and the primary leader of the southern and cent ...

to Peru in 1822. From 1822 to 1824 together with a team of four translators he translated the New Testament into Quechua, but due to the war the manuscript was lost in 1825. So the first book of the Bible to be published in Quechua was the

Gospel of John The Gospel of John ( grc, Εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ Ἰωάννην, translit=Euangélion katà Iōánnēn) is the fourth of the four canonical gospels. It contains a highly schematic account of the ministry of Jesus, with seven "sig ...

Classical Quechua Classical Quechua is either of two historical forms of Quechuan languages, Quechua, the exact relationship and degree of closeness between which is controversial, and which have sometimes been identified with each other. These are: # the variety ...

in 1880. At the beginning of the 20th century, Clorinda Matto (1852–1909), a writer from

Cuzco Cusco, often spelled Cuzco (; qu, Qusqu ()), is a city in Southeastern Peru near the Urubamba Valley of the Andes mountain range. It is the capital of the Cusco Region and of the Cusco Province. The city is the seventh most populous in Peru; ...

living in

Buenos Aires Buenos Aires ( or ; ), officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( es, link=no, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires), is the capital and primate city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata, on South ...

, translated the four

Gospel Gospel originally meant the Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was set out. In this sense a gospel can be defined as a loose-knit, episodic narrative of the words an ...

s, the

Acts of the Apostles The Acts of the Apostles ( grc-koi, Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, ''Práxeis Apostólōn''; la, Actūs Apostolōrum) is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian Church and the spread of its messag ...

and the

Epistle to the Romans The Epistle to the Romans is the sixth book in the New Testament, and the longest of the thirteen Pauline epistles. Biblical scholars agree that it was composed by Paul the Apostle to explain that salvation is offered through the gospel of J ...

from

Spanish Spanish might refer to: * Items from or related to Spain: **Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain **Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries **Spanish cuisine Other places * Spanish, Ontario, Cana ...

into

Cusco Quechua Cuzco Quechua ( qu, Qusqu qhichwa simi) is a dialect of Southern Quechua spoken in Cuzco and the Cuzco Region of Peru. It is the Quechua variety used by the Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua in Cuzco, which also prefers the Spanish-based five- ...

, published between 1901 and 1904. In 1907 and 1915, revised versions followed. Between 1917 and 1929, parts of the Bible in

South Bolivian Quechua South Bolivian Quechua, also known as Central Bolivian Quechua, is a dialect of Southern Quechua spoken in Bolivia and adjacent areas of Argentina, where it is also known as ''Colla''. It is not to be confused with North Bolivian Quechua, which is ...

and Spanish were published: a bilingual Quechua-Spanish edition of the four Gospels in 1917, a bilingual

in 1922 and the

Psalms The Book of Psalms ( or ; he, תְּהִלִּים, , lit. "praises"), also known as the Psalms, or the Psalter, is the first book of the ("Writings"), the third section of the Tanakh, and a book of the Old Testament. The title is derived ...

in 1929. A new edition of the New Testament in Bolivian Quechua appeared in 1977. In 1923 the first translation of the four Gospels into a

Central Quechua Quechua I, also known as Quechua Wáywash, or Quechua B,Alberto Escobar (comp.) '' El reto del multilingüismo en el Perú'' (1972) is one of the two branches or genealogical groups of the Quechua languages. It is composed of a great diversity of ...

dialect appeared in Huallaga Quechua in Peru. In the

Ayacucho Region Ayacucho () is a department and region of Peru, located in the south-central Andes of the country. Its capital is the city of Ayacucho. The region was one of the hardest hit in the 1980s during the guerrilla war waged by Shining Path known as ...

the

Presbyterian Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism that broke from the Roman Catholic Church in Scotland by John Knox, who was a priest at St. Giles Cathedral (Church of Scotland). Presbyterian churches derive their nam ...

pastor A pastor (abbreviated as "Pr" or "Ptr" , or "Ps" ) is the leader of a Christian congregation who also gives advice and counsel to people from the community or congregation. In Lutheranism, Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy and ...

and songwriter Florencio Segura, author of an extensive Christian Quechua songbook, which appeared in several editions, translated the Gospel of John, published in 1954 in

Ayacucho Quechua Ayacucho (also called Chanca or Chanka after the local Chanca people, Chanka ethnicity that dominated the area before the Inca Empire, Inca conquest) is a variety of Southern Quechua spoken in the Ayacucho Region, Peru, as well as by immigrants f ...

. In the same year the Gospel of Luke, translated under the guidance of the Presbyterian pastor Homer Emerson into Ayacucho Quechua, was printed. In Peru, the first Quechua translation of the New Testament was published in 1947 in

. Translations followed in

in 1958 and 1981, and in Cusco Quechua 1986. The first translation of the New Testament into

Quichua Kichwa (, , also Spanish ) is a Quechuan language that includes all Quechua varieties of Ecuador and Colombia (''Inga''), as well as extensions into Peru. It has an estimated half million speakers. The most widely spoken dialects are Chimborazo ...

Ecuador Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ''Eku ...

was published in 1954. It was not until the last quarter of the 20th century that translations of the whole Bible from

Hebrew Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...

and

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

into Quechua were done, but since then several Quechua Bible translations have been completed. Most work has been done by Protestant groups with international support, but two Catholic translations have also appeared. The first translation of the whole Old and New Testament into Quechua, but without deuterocanonicals, was published in 1986 in Bolivian Quechua. In the

, the

and translator Rómulo Sauñe Quicaña was the first to give way to a whole Bible translation in

Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal , national_motto = "Fi ...

, which appeared 1987 in Ayacucho Quechua. For his translation from Hebrew, Sauñe traveled to Israel. In 1992 he was murdered by terrorists of the

Shining Path The Shining Path ( es, Sendero Luminoso), officially the Communist Party of Peru (, abbr. PCP), is a communist Guerrilla warfare, guerrilla group in Peru following Marxism–Leninism–Maoism and Gonzalo Thought. Academics often refer to the gro ...

, together with three companions. In 1988 the first translation of the whole Bible into Cusco Quechua, jointly sponsored by the Catholic Church and Protestant groups, was published. In

, Bible translations into three

Kichwa Kichwa (, , also Spanish ) is a Quechuan language that includes all Quechua varieties of Ecuador and Colombia (''Inga''), as well as extensions into Peru. It has an estimated half million speakers. The most widely spoken dialects are Chimborazo ...

varieties appeared in 1989 (Chimborazo), 1994 (Imbabura), and 2010 (Cañar). In 1996, an interconfessional team published a new edition of the Bolivian Quechua Bible, and in 2004 an extended edition with the deuterocanonicals appeared. In 2010 the first Bible translation into a

variety was published, namely Huallaga Quechua, which was realized under the guidance of the Wycliffe Translator and linguist David Weber of

SIL International SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics) is an evangelical Christian non-profit organization whose main purpose is to study, develop and document languages, especially those that are lesser-known, in order to ex ...

. Within the

Roman Catholic Church The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

, two translations of the whole Bible including the Deuterocanonicals into Quechua and

have been done, both published as bilingual Quechua-Spanish editions. In contrast to the other Bible translations into Quechua, no reference to a specific variety (language according to

) has been made. First Catholic translations of the four Gospels were published as bilingual Quechua-Spanish editions in 1972 in Quichua of Ecuador, translated under the guidance of the bishop of Riobamba,

Leonidas Proaño Leonidas Eduardo Proaño Villalba (1910 in San Antonio de Ibarra, Ecuador – 1988 in Quito, Ecuador) was an Ecuadorian prelate and theologian. He served as the bishop of Riobamba from 1954 to 1985. He was a candidate for the Nobel Peace Prize an ...

, and, including the

, in 1974 in Quechua of Southern Peru, translated under the bishops of

Abancay Abancay (from Quechua language: Hamanqay, Amanqay, or Amankay, meaning ''lily'') is a city in southern-central Peru. It is the capital of both the Apurímac Region and the Abancay Province, and serves an important cultural, economic, and politi ...

and

Huancavelica Huancavelica () or Wankawillka in Quechua is a city in Peru. It is the capital of the department of Huancavelica and according to the 2017 census had a population of 49,570 people. The city was established on August 5, 1572 by the Viceroy ...

, Enrique Pélach y Feliu and

William Dermott Molloy McDermott William Dermott Molloy McDermott (10 May 1930 in Dublin, Ireland - 19 August 2013 in Lima, Peru) was the Bishop of the Diocese of Huancavelica, Peru.

. In 1973 the Catholic missionary Bernarda Ortiz (“Coronita”), later the

Salesian , image = File:Stemma big.png , image_size = 150px , caption = Coat of arms , abbreviation = SDB , formation = , founder = John Bosco , founding_location = Valdocco, Turin ...

priest Antonio Brescuani and the

Jesuits The Society of Jesus ( la, Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuits (; la, Iesuitæ), is a religious order (Catholic), religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rom ...

Miguel and Francisco Ramos in cooperation with indigenous Christians speaking several dialects of

, started in

Latacunga Latacunga (; Quechua: Latakunga) is a plateau town of Ecuador, capital of the Cotopaxi Province, south of Quito, near the confluence of the Alaquez and Cutuchi rivers to form the Patate, the headstream of the Pastaza. At the time of census 20 ...

to translate the Bible into Kichwa of Ecuador. In 1997 the result of their work was published in Madrid as a bilingual Kichwa-Spanish Bible. In Peru, the Catholic priest Mons. Florencio Coronado in Huancavelica translated the Bible into Quechua, which appeared in 2002 as a bilingual edition, with the support of the bishop of Huancavelica Mons. Dermott Molloy. In contrast to other modern translators, Coronado used the New

Vulgate The Vulgate (; also called (Bible in common tongue), ) is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible. The Vulgate is largely the work of Jerome who, in 382, had been commissioned by Pope Damasus I to revise the Gospels u ...

for his translation. Both these Catholic translations are written in a Hispanic orthography. There is also a translation of the four Gospels by the priests of the

Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary The Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary () abbreviated SS.CC., is a Roman Catholic clerical religious congregation of Pontifical Right for men priests and brothers. The congregation is also known as the Picpus because their firs ...

(province of Peru) Hilario Huanca Mamani und Hermann Wendling into Puno Quechua of 2007. Most Quechua Bible translations have been accessible on various internet Bible portals since about 2012, e.g. Quechua editions for Bolivia, Ayacucho, Cusco, and Ecuador, but neither the Deuterocanonicals nor the Catholic translations. The Bible in Ayacucho Quechua (1987), in Huallaga Quechua (2011) and several Quechua translations of the New Testament by the Wycliffe Translators are also accessible as PDF (under copyright). Now there are translations of the complete Bible into six specific Quechuan languages, according to Ethnologue, and two additional translations into Quechua and

, respectively, without specification. The deuterocanonicals have been included into three of these translations: *

1986, revision: 1997, 2004 with deuterocanocicals (NT: 1922), SBB/SBU *

1987, revision: 2013 (NT: 1958), SBP/SBU *

1988, revision: 2004 (NT: 1947), SBP/SBU * Chimborazo

1989, revision: 2010 (NT: 1954), SBE/SBU * Imbabura

1994 (NT: 1976), SBE/SBU * Kañari

2011, SBE/SBU * Huallaga Quechua (Huánuco) 2011 (NT: 2010), Wycliffe *

of Ecuador 1997, with deuterocanocicals, Salesians (cath.) * (Southern) Quechua 2002, with deuterocanocicals, diocese of Huancavelica, Peru (cath.) Additionally, there are translations of the New Testament into at least 17 Quechuan languages.

Southern Quechua

Quechua of Peru (Southern), without specification

2002 Old and New Testament

Ayacucho Quechua (quy)

1958 New Testament: "Señorninchik Jesucristopa, Musuq Testamenton", Published by Sociedades Bíblicas en América Latina ffices in 14 cities of Latin America A copy bought in Lima, Peru, shows on reverse of title page: "Quechua de Ayacucho y Español, N.T.#285PDI, ABS-1965-1M-3M-T". ABS-1965 identifies the American Bible Society, and 1965 is the year of publication/printing; the code after that indicates number of copies printed. Neither a copyright notice nor an official publication date is shown in the book; the Christian societies that publish these examples of scripture are amenable to having some or part of the work copied and distributed without formal permission from the original publisher. An 18cm x 13cm booklet -- 8 color maps of the "ancient biblical world" with index of place names -- is inserted and bound into the book after the final printed page (p740). 1987 Old and New Testament.

Cuzco Quechua (quz)

1947 New Testament, 1988 and 2004 Old and New Testament

North Bolivian Quechua (qul)

2006 New Testament

South Bolivian Quechua (quh)

1922 New Testament, 1993, 1997 and 2004 Old and New Testament

Yungay Quechua

Cajamarca Quechua (qvc)

2004 New Testament

Lambayeque Quechua (quf)

2004 New Testament

Kichwa

Quichua of Ecuador, without specification

1997 Old and New Testament

Cañar Quichua (qxr)

2011 Old and New Testament

Chimborazo Quichua (qug)

1954 New Testament, 1989 and 2000 Old and New Testament

Imbabura Quichua (qvi)

1976 New Testament, 1994 Old and New Testament

Inga of Colombia (inb)

1996 New Testament

San Martin Quechua (qvs)

1992 New Testament

Southern Pastaza Quechua (qup)

1997 New Testament

Central Quechua

Huallaga Quechua (qub)

2011 Old and New Testament

Huamalies Dos de Mayo Quechua (qej)

2003 New Testament

Huaylas Quechua (qwh)

2007 New Testament

Huaylla Huanca Quechua (qvw)

2006 New Testament

Margos Quechua (qvm)

2008 New Testament

North Junin Quechua (qvn)

1997 New Testament

Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua (qxn)

2006 New Testament

Panao Huanuco Quechua (qxh)

2010 New Testament

Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua (qxo)

2002 New Testament

Tupian languages

Guaraní

The translation of the Bible into

Guaraní language Guaraní (), specifically the primary variety known as Paraguayan Guarani ( "the people's language"), is a South American language that belongs to the Tupi–Guarani family of the Tupian languages. It is one of the official languages of P ...

is known as ''Ñandejara Ñe'ê''.

Tembé

Paulo and Quézia Oliveira have translated the New Testament and portions of the old Testament into the Tembé language. Luke was published in November 2008 and the whole New Testament is currently being published.

Gavião do Jiparaná

Horst Stute's translation of Mark was published by

New Tribes Mission Ethnos360, formerly known as New Tribes Mission (NTM), is an international, theologically evangelical Christian mission organization based in Sanford, Florida, United States. Ethnos360 has approximately 2,300 missionaries in more than 20 nation ...

in 1988 followed by Thessalonians in 1991.

Language Isolates

Huaorani

Rachel Saint Rachel Saint (January 2, 1914 – November 11, 1994) was an American evangelical Christian missionary who worked in Ecuador. Rachel Saint was born in Wyncote, Pennsylvania. She attended the Philadelphia School of the Bible (now Cairn University ...

, an American, translated into

Huaorani language The Waorani (Huaorani) language, commonly known as Sabela (also ''Wao, Huao, Auishiri, Aushiri, Ssabela'' ; autonym: Wao Terero; pejorative: ''Auka, Auca'') is a vulnerable language isolate spoken by the Huaorani people, an indigenous group livi ...

(

language isolate Language isolates are languages that cannot be classified into larger language families. Korean and Basque are two of the most common examples. Other language isolates include Ainu in Asia, Sandawe in Africa, and Haida in North America. The num ...

) of Ecuador and Peru.

References

{{reflist Christianity in South America Native South American