Bhaskara I's sine approximation formula

In mathematics, Bhaskara I's sine approximation formula is a rational expression in one variable for the computation of the approximate values of the trigonometric sines discovered by Bhaskara I (c. 600 – c. 680), a seventh-century Indian mathematician.
This formula is given in his treatise titled ''Mahabhaskariya''. It is not known how Bhaskara I arrived at his approximation formula. However, several historians of mathematics have put forward different hypotheses as to the method Bhaskara might have used to arrive at his formula. The formula is elegant, simple and enables one to compute reasonably accurate values of trigonometric sines without using any geometry whatsoever.

The approximation formula

The formula is given in verses 17 – 19, Chapter VII, Mahabhaskariya of Bhaskara I. A translation of the verses is given below:

*(Now) I briefly state the rule (for finding the ''bhujaphala'' and the ''kotiphala'', etc.) without making use of the Rsine-differences 225, etc. Subtract the degrees of a ''bhuja'' (or ''koti'') from the degrees of a half circle (that is, 180 degrees). Then multiply the remainder by the degrees of the ''bhuja'' or ''koti'' and put down the result at two places. At one place subtract the result from 40500. By one-fourth of the remainder (thus obtained), divide the result at the other place as multiplied by the anthyaphala'' (that is, the epicyclic radius). Thus is obtained the entire ''bahuphala'' (or, ''kotiphala'') for the sun, moon or the star-planets. So also are obtained the direct and inverse Rsines.

(The reference "Rsine-differences 225" is an allusion to Aryabhata's sine table.)

In modern mathematical notations, for an angle ''x'' in degrees, this formula gives

:$\sin x^\circ \approx \frac$

Equivalent forms of the formula

Bhaskara I's sine approximation formula can be expressed using the radian measure of angles as follows.

:$\sin x \approx \frac.$

For a positive integer ''n'' this takes the following form: (p.60)

:$\sin \frac \approx \frac.$

The formula acquires an even simpler form when expressed in terms of the cosine rather than the sine. Using radian measure for angles from $-\frac$ to $\frac$ , and putting $x = \tfrac \pi + y$, one gets

:$\cos y \approx \frac.$

To express the previous formula with the constant $\tau=2\pi$ one can use$\cos y\approx 1-\frac$

Equivalent forms of Bhaskara I's formula have been given by almost all subsequent astronomers and mathematicians of India. For example, Brahmagupta's (598 – 668 CE)
''Brhma-Sphuta-Siddhanta'' (verses 23 – 24, Chapter XIV) gives the formula in the following form:

:$R \sin x^\circ \approx \frac$

Also, Bhaskara II (1114 – 1185 CE) has given this formula in his Lilavati (Kshetra-vyavahara, Soka No.48) in the following form:

:$2R\sin x^\circ \approx \frac$

Accuracy of the formula

The formula is applicable for values of ''x''° in the range from 0 to 180. The formula is remarkably accurate in this range. The graphs of sin ( ''x'' ) and the approximation formula are visually indistinguishable and are nearly identical. One of the accompanying figures gives the graph of the error function, namely the function,
:$\sin x^\circ \approx \frac$
in using the formula. It shows that the maximum absolute error in using the formula is around 0.0016. From a plot of the percentage value of the absolute error, it is clear that the maximum percentage error is less than 1.8. The approximation formula thus gives sufficiently accurate values of sines for most practical purposes. However it was not sufficient for the more accurate computational requirements of astronomy. The search for more accurate formulas by Indian astronomers eventually led to the discovery of the power series expansions of sin ''x'' and cos ''x'' by Madhava of Sangamagrama (c. 1350 – c. 1425), the founder of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics.

Derivation of the formula

Bhaskara had not indicated any method by which he arrived at his formula. Historians have speculated on various possibilities. No definitive answers have as yet been obtained. Beyond its historical importance of being a prime example of the mathematical achievements of ancient Indian astronomers, the formula is of significance from a modern perspective also. Mathematicians have attempted to derive the rule using modern concepts and tools. Around half a dozen methods have been suggested, each based on a separate set of premises. (p.104) Most of these derivations use only elementary concepts.

Derivation based on elementary geometry

Let the circumference of a circle be measured in degrees and let the radius ''R'' of the circle be also measured in degrees. Choosing a fixed diameter ''AB'' and an arbitrary point ''P'' on the circle and dropping the perpendicular ''PM'' to ''AB'', we can compute the area of the triangle ''APB'' in two ways. Equating the two expressions for the area one gets (1/2) ''AB'' × ''PM'' = (1/2) ''AP'' × ''BP''. This gives
:$\frac = \frac.$
Letting ''x'' be the length of the arc ''AP'', the length of the arc ''BP'' is 180 - ''x''. These arcs are much bigger than the respective chords. Hence one gets
:$\frac > \frac$.
One now seeks two constants α and β such that
:$\frac = \alpha \frac + \beta$
It is indeed not possible to obtain such constants. However one may choose values for α and β so that the above expression is valid for two chosen values of the arc length ''x''. Choosing 30° and 90° as these values and solving the resulting equations, one immediately gets Bhaskara I's sine approximation formula.

Derivation starting with a general rational expression

Assuming that ''x'' is in radians, one may seek an approximation to sin(''x'') in the following form:
:$\sin x \approx \frac$
The constants ''a'', ''b'', ''c'', ''p'', ''q'' and ''r'' (only five of them are independent) can be determined by assuming that the formula must be exactly valid when ''x'' = 0, π/6, π/2, π, and further assuming that it has to satisfy the property that sin(''x'') = sin(π - ''x''). This procedure produces the formula expressed using radian measure of angles.

An elementary argument

The part of the graph of sin(''x'') in the range from 0° to 180° "looks like" part of a parabola through the points (0, 0) and (180, 0). The general such parabola is

:$k x ( 180 - x ).$

The parabola that also passes through (90, 1) (which is the point corresponding to the value sin(90°) = 1) is

:$\frac = \frac.$

The parabola which also passes through (30, 1/2) (which is the point corresponding to the value sin(30°) = 1/2) is

:$\frac = \frac.$

These expressions suggest a varying denominator which takes the value 90 × 90 when ''x'' = 90 and the value 2 × 30 × 150 when ''x'' = 30. That this expression should also be symmetrical about the line ' ''x'' = 90' rules out the possibility of choosing a linear expression in ''x''. Computations involving ''x''(180 − ''x'') might immediately suggest that the expression could be of the form

:$8100a + bx ( 180 - x ).$

A little experimentation (or by setting up and solving two linear equations in ''a'' and ''b'') will yield the values ''a'' = 5/4, ''b'' = −1/4. These give Bhaskara I's sine approximation formula.

See also

* Aryabhata's sine table
*Madhava's sine table

References

Further references

# R.C..Gupta, On derivation of Bhaskara I's formula for the sine, Ganita Bharati 8 (1-4) (1986), 39-41.
# T. Hayashi, A note on Bhaskara I's rational approximation to sine, Historia Sci. No. 42 (1991), 45-48.
# K. Stroethoff, Bhaskara's approximation for the sine, The Mathematics Enthusiast, Vol. 11, No. 3 (2014), 485-492.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaskara I's Sine Approximation Formula
Trigonometry
Indian mathematics
History of mathematics
History of geometry