Background
Before the fourteenth century the Kirkuk region was included in the East Syriac metropolitan province of Beth Garmaï, one of the five great 'provinces of the interior' of the Church of the East. The bishop of Karka d’Beth Slokh was recognised as metropolitan of Beth Garmaï in Canon XXI of the synod of Isaac in 410. He ranked sixth in precedence (after the metropolitan bishops of Seleucia, Beth Lapat, Nisibis, Prath d'Maishan and Erbil), and was responsible for the suffragan dioceses of Shahrgard, Lashom, Arewan, Radani and Hrbath Glal. There were several suffragan dioceses in the province of Beth Garmaï at different periods. Within Beth Garmaï itself (the region between the Lesser Zab and Diyala rivers) there were dioceses for Radani, Shahrgard, Lashom, Shahrzur and Tirhan. All of these dioceses except Tirhan (an outlying diocese in the province of the patriarch) were in the province of Beth Garmai. The dioceses of Hrbath Glal and Mahoze d’Arewan in the Lesser Zab valley were geographically in the Erbil region but seem to have been included in the metropolitan province of Beth Garmaï. The seat of the bishops of Mahoze d'Arewan was later transferred to the nearby town of Konishabur, also known as Beth Waziq, and this diocese still had a bishop in 1318. Within the Beth Garmaï region proper, however, only the metropolitan diocese of Daquqa and the diocese of Tirhan (the district between the Tigris and Jabal Hamrin) in the province of the patriarch seem to have survived into the fourteenth century. The last-known bishop of Tirhan, Shemon, was present at the consecration of Timothy II in 1318, and the diocese may have met its end during Timur's campaigns in the 1390s. No further bishops are recorded in the Kirkuk region until the early years of the nineteenth century, when a Catholic diocese of Kirkuk (which persists to this day) was established in the 1820s by the patriarchal administratorThe diocese of Karka d'Beth Slokh
The bishop Yohannan of Beth Garmaï was present at the Council of Nicaea in 325. The bishops Shapur and Isaac of Beth Garmaï are mentioned in connection with the persecution of Shapur II (339–79). The bishop Aqballaha, 'bishop of Karka and metropolitan of Beth Garmaï', was present at the synod of Isaac in 410 and subscribed to its acts. He was also among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Dadisho in 424. The bishop Yohannan, 'bishop of Karka d'Beth Slokh, metropolitan of Beth Garmaï', was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Acacius in 486. The deacon and secretary Hormizd was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Babaï in 497, on behalf of the metropolitan Bokhtisho of Beth Garmaï. The bishop Dairaya of Karka d'Beth Slokh, 'metropolitan of this town and of all the country of Beth Garmaï', was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Mar Aba I in 544. The metropolitan Allaha-zkha of Beth Garmaï adhered by letter to the acts of the synod of Joseph in 554. The metropolitan Bokhtisho of Beth Garmaï adhered by letter to the acts of the synod of Ishoyahb I in 585. The metropolitan Bokhtisho of Beth Garmaï, perhaps the same man, was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Gregory in 605. The monk Gabriel of the monastery of Beth Abe was consecrated metropolitan of Beth Garmaï by the patriarch Sliba-zkha (714–28). Originally from Nisibis, he was surnamed Raqoda, 'the dancer', on account of his effeminate gait. The monk Ishozkha of theThe diocese of Shahrgard
The bishop Paul of Shahrgard was confirmed as a suffragan bishop of the metropolitan Aqballaha of Beth Garmaï in Canon XXI of the synod of Isaac in 410. The bishop Paul of Shahrgard was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Babaï in 497. The bishop Abraham of Shahrgard was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Mar Aba I in 544. The bishop Bar Shabtha of Shahrgard was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Ezekiel in 576. The bishop Surin of Shahrgard was among the signatories of the agreement of Bar Qaiti in March 598 and the acts of the synod of Gregory in 605. The bishop Abraham of Shahrgard was present at the consecration of the patriarch Yohannan IV in 900. The bishop Abraham, metropolitan of Maishan whenThe diocese of Lashom
The town of Lashom (Syriac: ) was situated 'nine hours' to the south of Kirkuk, close to the town of Daquqa, which had replaced Karka d'Beth Slokh as the seat of the metropolitans of Beth Garmai by the thirteenth century. Wallis Budge has identified Lashom with the village of Lasim, three-quarters of a mile to the southwest of Daquqa. The bishop Bata of Lashom was confirmed as a suffragan bishop of the metropolitan Aqballaha of Beth Garmaï in Canon XXI of the synod of Isaac in 410. He was also among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Dadisho in 424. The bishop Mikha of Lashom was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Acacius in 486. He was among the many Persian bishops educated at the School of Edessa before its closure in 489, and is said to have written a commentary on I and II Kings, a discourse on his predecessor Sabrisho, another on a person named Kantropos, and a tract explaining the division of the Nestorian psalter into three sections. The bishop Abraham of Lashom was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Babaï in 497. The bishop Joseph of Lashom was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Mar Aba I in 544. The bishop Saba of Lashom was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Ezekiel in 576. The bishop (and future patriarch) Sabrisho of Lashom adhered by letter to the acts of the synod of Ishoyahb I in 585. The bishop Ahishma of Lashom was among the signatories of the agreement of Bar Qaiti in March 598. The patriarch Hnanisho II was bishop of Lashom before his election and consecration as patriarch in 776/7. The bishop Marqos of Lashom was present at the consecration of the patriarch Yohannan IV in 900.The diocese of Khanijar
The patriarchThe diocese of Mahoze d'Arewan
The bishop Yohannan 'of Arewan' was confirmed as a suffragan bishop of the metropolitan Aqballaha of Beth Garmaï in Canon XXI of the synod of Isaac in 410. The bishop Addaï 'of Arewan d'Abra' was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Dadisho in 424. The bishop Papa 'of Arewan' was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Acacius in 486. The bishop Narsaï of 'Mahoze d'Arewan’ was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Joseph in 554. The bishop Samuel of Mahoze d'Arewan was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Ezekiel in 576. The bishop Qamisho of Mahoze d'Arewan was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Ishoyahb I in 585. The bishop Hnanya of Mahoze d'Arewan was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Gregory in 605. The monkThe diocese of Radani
The bishop Narsaï of Radani was confirmed as a suffragan bishop of the metropolitan Aqballaha of Beth Garmaï in Canon XXI of the synod of Isaac in 410. He was also among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Dadisho in 424.The diocese of Hrbath Glal
The bishop Joseph of 'Harbaglal' was confirmed as a suffragan bishop of the metropolitan Aqballaha of Beth Garmaï in Canon XXI of the synod of Isaac in 410. He was also among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Dadisho in 424. The bishop Buzid of Harbaglal was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Acacius in 486. The bishop Hudidad of Harbaglal was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Babaï in 497. The bishop Bokhtisho of Harbaglal was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Mar Aba I in 544. The bishop Gabriel of Harbaglal adhered by letter to the acts of the synod of Joseph in 554. The bishop Hnana of Harbaglal was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Ezekiel in 576. The bishop Gabriel of Harbaglal was among the signatories of the acts of the synods of Ishoyahb I in 585 and Gregory in 605. An unnamed bishop was consecrated for Hrbath Glal by the patriarch Sabrisho III shortly after his own consecration in 1063/4. The bishop David Ibn Barsaha of Hrbath Glal was consecrated metropolitan of Beth Garmaï by the patriarch Abdisho II shortly after his own consecration in 1074.The diocese of Tahal
The bishop Bar Haile of Tahal was one of eleven named bishops listed in the acts of the synod of Dadisho in 424 as having been reproved at the synods of Isaac in 410 and Yahballaha I in 420. The bishop Abraham of Tahal was among the signatories of the acts of the synods of Acacius in 486 and Babaï in 497. The bishop Marutha of Tahal was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Mar Aba I in 544. The bishop Shubhalisho of Tahal was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Ezekiel in 576. The bishop Bokhtyazd of Tahal was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Ishoyahb I in 585. The bishop Qasha of Tahal was among the signatories of the agreement of Bar Qaiti in March 598. The bishop Piroz of Tahal was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Gregory in 605. The bishop Abda of Tahal was present at the consecration of the patriarch Yohannan IV in 900.The diocese of Shahrzur
The bishop Tahmin of Shahrzur was among the signatories of the acts of the synod of Joseph in 554. The bishop Nathaniel of Shahrzur was among the signatories of the acts of the synods of Ishoyahb I in 585 and Gregory in 605. The bishop Isaac of Shahrzur was present at the consecration of the patriarch Yohannan IV in 900. The bishop Abraham of Shahrzur was appointed metropolitan of Maishan during the reign of the patriarch Mari (987–99), after the death of the metropolitan Joseph.The diocese of Gawkaï
The bishop Yohannan of Gawkaï (), a town in Beth Garmaï, was among the bishops who witnessed a retraction of the Messallian heresy made by the priest Nestorius of the monastery of Mar Yozadaq in 790 before his consecration as bishop of Beth Nuhadra. The bishop Hakima of Gawkaï was a contemporary of Thomas of Marga and flourished around the middle of the ninth century.Bishops of unspecified dioceses
The monks Burdisho, Quriaqos, Babaï and Isho of the monastery of Beth Abe were bishops of various dioceses in the province of Beth Garmaï at an unknown date in the second half of the eighth century or the first half of the ninth century.Topographical Survey
The Beth Garmaï region seems to have been at its most flourishing in the sixth and seventh centuries. A number of its towns, villages and monasteries, many unlocalised, are mentioned in several pre-fourteenth century sources, notablyReferences
Citations
Bibliography
* * Assemani, J. S., ''Bibliotheca Orientalis Clementino-Vaticana'' (4 vols, Rome, 1719–28) * * Fiey, J. M., ''Assyrie chrétienne'' (3 vols, Beirut, 1962) * * * Wallis Budge, E. A., ''The Book of Governors: The Historia Monastica of Thomas, Bishop of Marga, AD 840'' (London, 1893) * Wallis Budge, E. A., ''The Monks of Kublai Khan'' (London, 1928) * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Beth Garmai (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province) Dioceses of the Church of the East Dioceses of the Assyrian Church of the East Church of the East in Iraq Ecclesiastical provinces