Betaproteobacteria

Betaproteobacteria are a class of Gram-negative bacteria, and one of the eight classes of the phylum Pseudomonadota (synonym Proteobacteria).

The ''Betaproteobacteria'' are a class comprising over 75 genera and 400 species of bacteria. Together, the ''Betaproteobacteria'' represent a broad variety of metabolic strategies and occupy diverse environments from obligate pathogens living within host organisms to oligotrophic groundwater ecosystems. Whilst most members of the ''Betaproteobacteria'' are heterotrophic, deriving both their carbon and electrons from organocarbon sources, some are photoheterotrophic, deriving energy from light and carbon from organocarbon sources. Other genera are autotrophic, deriving their carbon from bicarbonate or carbon dioxide and their electrons from reduced inorganic ions such as nitrite, ammonium, thiosulfate or sulfide — many of these chemolithoautotrophic. ''Betaproteobacteria'' are economically important, with roles in maintaining soil pH and in elementary cycling. Other economically important members of the ''Betaproteobacteria'' are able to use nitrate as their terminal electron acceptor and can be used industrially to remove nitrate from wastewater by denitrification. A number of ''Betaproteobacteria'' are diazotrophs, meaning that they can fix molecular nitrogen from the air as their nitrogen source for growth - this is important to the farming industry as it is a primary means of ammonium levels in soils rising without the presence of leguminous plants.

Phylogeny

The ''Betaproteobacteria'' are one of the eight classes that make up the "Proteobacteria". The ''Betaproteobacteria'' are most closely related to the '' Gammaproteobacteria'', ''Acidithiobacillia'' and ''Hydrogenophilalia'', and together they make up a taxon which has previously been called "'' Chromatibacteria''". Four orders of ''Betaproteobacteria'' are currently recognised — the ''Burkholderiales'', the ''Neisseriales'', the ''Nitrosomonadales'' and the ''Rhodocyclales''. The name "''Procabacteriales''" was also proposed for an order of endosymbionts of ''Acanthamoeba'', but since they cannot be grown in culture and studies have been limited, the name has never been validly or effectively published, and thus is no more than a nickname without any standing in nomenclature. An extensive reclassification of families and orders of the class based on a polyphasic analysis (including 16S rRNA gene analyses and 53-protein ribosomal protein concatamer analyses using the rMLST Multilocus sequence typing system) was published in 2017, that removed the order Hydrogenophilales from the class and into a novel class of the " Pseudomonadota", the Hydrogenophilalia. The same study also merged the former order '' Methylophilales'' into the ''Nitrosomonadales''.

The four orders of the ''Betaproteobacteria'' are sub-divided into families:

''Burkholderiales'' (type order) comprises the families '' Burkholderiacae'' (type family), '' Alcaliginaceae'', ''Comamonadaceae'', ''Oxalobacteraceae'' and ''Sutterellaceae''.
The order ''Burkholderiales'' comprises a range of morphologies, including rods, curved rods, cocci, spirillae and multicellular 'tablets'. Both heterotrophs and photoheterotrophs are found along with some facultative autotrophs.

''Neisseriales'' comprises the families ''Neisseriaceae'' (type family) and '' Chromobacteriaceae''. The order ''Neisseriales'' comprises morphologies including cocci, curved rods, spirillae, rods, multicellular ribbons and filaments. Most organisms are heterotrophs with some facultative methylotrophs and chemolithoheterotrophs.

''Nitrosomonadales'' comprises the families '' Nitrosomonadaceae'' (type family), '' Methylophilacae'', '' Thiobacillaceae'', '' Sterolibacteriacae'', ''Spirillaceae'' and '' Gallionellaceae''. The order comprises morphologies including rods, spirillae and curved rods. Most organisms are chemolithoautotrophs with some methylotrophs and heterotrophs

''Rhodocyclales'' comprises the families '' Rhodocyclaceae'' (type family), '' Azonexaceae'' and '' Zoogloeaceae''. Morphologies include rods, curved rods, rings, spirillae and cocci. Most species in this order are heterotrophs with some photoheterotrophs and chemolithoautotrophs.

Role in disease

Some members of the ''Betaproteobacteria'' can cause disease in various eukaryotic organisms, including in humans, such as members of the genus ''Neisseria'': ''N. gonorrhoeae'' and '' N. meningitidis'' being primary examples, which cause gonorrhea and meningitis respectively, as well as ''Bordetella pertussis'' which causes whooping cough. Other members of the class can infect plants, such as ''Ralstonia solanacearum'' which causes bacterial wilt disease of over 250 plant species, '' Burkholderia cepacia'' which causes bulb rot in onions as well as '' Xylophilus ampelinus'' which causes necrosis of grapevines. Betaproteobacteria is known to play an important role in denitrification, removal of phosphorus and xenobiotic degradation from the waste

Economic Importance

Various human activities, such as fertilizer production and chemical plant usage, release significant amounts of ammonium ions into rivers and oceans. Ammonium buildup in aquatic environments is potentially dangerous because high ammonium content can lead to eutrophication. Biological wastewater treatment systems, as well as other biological ammonium-removing methods, depend on the metabolism of various ''Bacteria'' including members of the ''Nitrosomonadales'' of the ''Betaproteobacteria'' that undergo nitrification and a wide range of organisms capable of denitrification to remove excessive ammonia from wastewater by first oxidation into nitrate and then nitrite and then reduction into molecular nitrogen gas, which leaves the ecosystem and is carried into the atmosphere.

See also

* ''Acidithiobacillia''
* '' Gammaproteobacteria''
* ''Hydrogenophilalia''

References

External links

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q136674

Bacteria classes