The ''Berkeley Barb'' was a weekly
underground newspaper published in
Berkeley, California, during the years 1965 to 1980. It was one of the first and most influential of the
counterculture newspapers, covering such subjects as the
anti-war movement and
Civil Rights Movement, as well as the
social changes advocated by
youth culture.
History
The newspaper was founded in August 1965 by
Max Scherr Max Scherr (March 12, 1916 – October 31, 1981) was an American underground newspaper editor and publisher known for his iconoclastic 1960s weekly, the ''Berkeley Barb''.
Early life
Max Scherr was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on March 12, 1916 ...
, a middle-aged radical who had earlier been the owner of the Steppenwolf bar in Berkeley. Scherr was the editor and publisher from the newspaper's inception until the mid-1970s.
The ''Barb'' carried a great deal of political news, mainly concerning opposition to the
Vietnam War and activist political events surrounding the
University of California, particularly the
Vietnam Day Committee and the
Free Speech Movement. It also served as a venue for music advertisements. Starting around 1967, the ''Barb'' was the first underground paper to have an extensive classified ad section carrying explicit personal sex advertisements. Ultimately about a third of the paper was occupied by various forms of sexual advertising: as well as the personals there were ads for X-rated films, pornographic bookstores, mail order novelties and classifieds for models and massage, all both gay and straight. Photos of nude models spilled over into the news section. The formula of radical politics and sex worked, and the ''Barb'' was one of the top-selling underground papers in the nation. Efforts to clone this formula in other cities (e.g. ''
Rat
Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents. Species of rats are found throughout the order Rodentia, but stereotypical rats are found in the genus ''Rattus''. Other rat genera include ''Neotoma'' ( pack rats), ''Bandicota'' (bandicoot ...
'' in New York City) ran into resistance from staff, readers and local authorities; female staffers and supporters from the ''
Berkeley Tribe
The ''Berkeley Tribe'' was a radical counterculture weekly underground newspaper published in Berkeley, California from 1969 to 1972. It was formed after a bitter staff dispute with publisher Max Scherr and split the nationally known ''Berkeley B ...
'' staged a sit-in at San Francisco's ''Dock of the Bay'' to successfully block publication of a proposed spin-off sex paper, and when male staffers at ''
Good Times
''Good Times'' is an American television sitcom that aired for six seasons on CBS, from February 8, 1974, to August 1, 1979. Created by Eric Monte and Mike Evans and developed by executive producer Norman Lear, it was television's first African ...
'' tried to put out a special "Sex" issue, women staffers stole the mock-ups and page layouts and burned them.
In 1969, under pressure from an underpaid and rebellious staff which believed, based primarily on information from an accountant, that Scherr was making windfall profits (the ''Barb'' may have been the only underground newspaper of which this could be said), Scherr sold the paper for $200,000 to Allan Coult, a professor of anthropology. The deal fell apart shortly afterwards and Scherr resumed ownership, cancelling the agreement after Coult failed to make the initial payment. At this point almost all of the 40 person staff, including managing editor James A. Schreiber, walked out and formed the "Red Mountain Tribe." After putting out a special ''Barb on Strike'' issue, they launched their own rival newspaper, the ''
Berkeley Tribe
The ''Berkeley Tribe'' was a radical counterculture weekly underground newspaper published in Berkeley, California from 1969 to 1972. It was formed after a bitter staff dispute with publisher Max Scherr and split the nationally known ''Berkeley B ...
'', which soon claimed a circulation of 53,000 copies. Meanwhile, Scherr, who had locked the doors and then taken the files and equipment out of his own offices, continued publishing the ''Barb'' out of new offices with a new staff. The paper continued to be successful for a few years but the heyday of the underground press was passing. The ''Barb'' was caught up in the general downward trend, with contributor burnout and slowly falling circulation and ad revenues leading to a vicious circle of decline.
In 1978, with circulation down to 20,000 copies and dropping, the numerous sex ads were spun off into a separate publication, ''
Spectator Magazine.'' Freed of the stigma of "adults only" but deprived of advertising income, the ''Barb'' went out of business within a year and a half. The final issue was dated July 3, 1980. ''Spectator Magazine'' ceased publication in October 2005.
Underground comix
The ''Barb'' was one of the first papers to print
underground comix, featuring
Joel Beck
Joel Beck (May 7, 1943 – September 14, 1999) was a San Francisco Bay Area artist and cartoonist. His comic book, ''Lenny of Laredo'', one of the earliest underground comic books of the 1960s, was the first underground comic book published ...
's ''
Lenny of Laredo
Joel Beck (May 7, 1943 – September 14, 1999) was a San Francisco Bay Area artist and cartoonist. His comic book, ''Lenny of Laredo'', one of the earliest underground comic books of the 1960s, was the first underground comic book published ...
'' in 1965;
["Joel Beck: Underground comic artist," ''San Francisco Chronicle'', September 21, 1999](_blank)
and later featuring the work of cartoonists such as
Dave Sheridan and
Bill Griffith ("
Zippy the Pinhead" beginning in 1976).
Banana skins and other hoaxes
In March 1967 Scherr, hoping to trick authorities into banning bananas, ran a satirical story which claimed that dried banana skins contained "
bananadine", a (fictional)
psychoactive
A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, psychoactive agent or psychotropic drug is a chemical substance, that changes functions of the nervous system, and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition or behavior.
Th ...
substance which, when smoked, supposedly induced a psychedelic high similar to opium and psilocybin. The ''Barb'' may have been inspired by
Donovan
Donovan Phillips Leitch (born 10 May 1946), known mononymously as Donovan, is a Scottish musician, songwriter, and record producer. He developed an eclectic and distinctive style that blended folk, jazz, pop, psychedelic rock and world mus ...
's 1966 song "
Mellow Yellow
"Mellow Yellow" is a song written and recorded by Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. In the US, it reached No. 2 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100. Outside the US, "Mellow Yellow" peaked at No. 8 in the UK in early 1967.
Content
The song was rumo ...
", with its lyric "Electrical banana/Is gonna be a sudden craze." The hoax was believed and spread through the mainstream press, and was perpetuated after
William Powell included it in ''
The Anarchist Cookbook''. A
New York Times article on illicit drugs by Donald Louria, MD, noted in passing, that "banana scrapings, provide— if anything—a mild psychedelic experience." The
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) investigated and concluded that banana skins were not psychedelic.
The ''Barb'' was itself subjected to hoaxes. At a memorial for the social activist and founder of the
Yippies,
Stew Albert, the following story was told:
One victim of an Albert prank was Max Scherr, editor of the ''Berkeley Barb'', that legendary paper of the days of the Movement. "A lot of Jewish kids were converting to Buddhism then," Paul Glusman said, "so Albert cooked up a hoax, getting a letter mailed from Japan to the paper reporting that all the Buddhist kids in Japan were converting to Judaism." Scherr ran the letter."Comrades recall Stew Albert" by Richard Brenneman
/ref>
Street sales of ''The Barb''
The ''Barb'' was used to earn money by scores of Berkeley's early hippies, denizens of "The Ave" (
Telegraph Avenue, Berkeley, on the south side of campus), locals, runaways, and later street people. The paper originally sold for 10 cents and later for 25 cents. Every Thursday night around 9 pm, a
Volkswagen truck would arrive from the printer, pulling up to the paper's offices. The waiting street vendors would help unload the papers. The papers would be purchased at half-price or obtained for collateral. The vendor who wished to obtain papers on collateral would show Scherr something of value. As soon as their papers were in hand, vendors would go and spend the night waiting on a curb so that no other vendor would steal their spot. The first vendor to get to ''
The Pic'' coffee house was guaranteed sales of up to 25 papers. The vendor kept half of the money, so when that bundle of papers was sold, they would return to the office, buy back the collateral and possibly buy more papers with cash, and then return to the street corner to sell more papers. The cost of living was low, so sales of the paper kept homeless people afloat.
See also
*
List of underground newspapers of the 1960s counterculture
References
Further reading
* {{Cite news, url = http://alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/just-in/2015-07-31/sex-drugs-revolution-50-years-barbarians-gather-recall, title = Sex, Drugs, Revolution: 50 Years On, Barbarians Gather to Recall The ''Berkeley Barb'', last = Joseph, first = Pat, date = July 30, 2015, work = California Magazine
External links
''Berkeley Barb'' website''Berkeley Barb'' digital archives on Independent Voices website
Newspapers published in the San Francisco Bay Area
Alternative weekly newspapers published in the United States
Mass media in Berkeley, California
Counterculture of the 1960s
Defunct newspapers published in California
Defunct weekly newspapers
Publications established in 1965
Publications disestablished in 1980
Underground press
Weekly newspapers published in California