Belfort Conspiracy

Belfort (; archaic german: Beffert/Beffort) is a city in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in Northeastern France, situated between Lyon and Strasbourg, approximately from the France–Switzerland border. It is the prefecture of the Territoire de Belfort.

Belfort is from Paris, from Strasbourg, from Lyon and from Zürich. The residents of the city are called "Belfortains". The city is located on the river Savoureuse, on a strategically important natural route between the Rhine and the Rhône – the Belfort Gap (''Trouée de Belfort'') or Burgundian Gate (''Porte de Bourgogne''). It is located approximately south from the base of the Ballon d'Alsace mountain range, source of the Savoureuse. The city of Belfort has 46,443 inhabitants (2019).Téléchargement du fichier d'ensemble des populations légales en 2019
INSEE Belfort is the centre of a larger functional area (metropolitan area) with 133,597 inhabitants (2018),Comparateur de territoire
INSEE, retrieved 20 June 2022. between the larger metropolitan areas of Mulhouse and Montbéliard.

History

Belfort's strategic location, in a natural gap between the Vosges and the Jura, on a route linking the Rhine and the Rhône, has attracted human settlement since Roman times, and has also made it a frequent target for invading armies many times in its history.

The site of Belfort was inhabited in Gallo-Roman times. Later, it was heavily settled by Germanic peoples during the Germanic migrations, most notably the Burgundians, who settled in the region after the Gallo-Roman inhabitants had been displaced. It was subsequently recorded in the 13th century as a possession of the counts of Montbéliard, who granted it a charter in 1307.

Previously an Austrian possession, Belfort was transferred to France by the Treaty of Westphalia (1648), which ended the Thirty Years' War. The town's fortifications were extended and developed by the military architect Vauban for Louis XIV.

Franco-Prussian War

Until 1871, Belfort was part of the ''département'' of Haut-Rhin, in Alsace. The Siege of Belfort (between 3 November 1870 and 18 February 1871) during the Franco Prussian war was successfully resisted by the French until the garrison was ordered to surrender 21 days after the armistice between France and Prussia ended the war. The region was not annexed by Prussia like the rest of Alsace was. It was exchanged for territories in the vicinity of Metz. It formed, as it still does, the Territoire de Belfort, by Frédéric Bartholdi. Alsatians not wanting to live under German rule in annexed Alsace and who wanted a French life and home in Belfort made a significant contribution to Belfort and French industry (see Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques) after 1872.

World War One

The town was bombarded by the German Army during World War I. Before the war, the September Programme of German Imperial Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, pressed for expansionist aims of French territory, specifically advocated the annexation of the Belfort region along with the western side of the Vosges Mountains.

World War Two

After the 1940 Battle of France with the German victory, Belfort fell within the Nazi German occupation zone. In November 1944, the retreating Wehrmacht held off the French First Army outside the town until French Commandos made a successful night attack on the Salbert Fort. Belfort was liberated on 22 November 1944. It is believed that Adolf Hitler intended to annex Belfort into the German Gau Baden–Alsace, but it never took place.

1892 Paris-Belfort running race

On 5 June 1892, '' Le Petit Journal'' organised a foot-race from Paris to Belfort, a course of over , the first large-scale long-distance running race on record. Over 1,100 competitors registered for the event and over 800 started from the offices of ''Le Petit Journal'', at Paris Opera. This had also been the start point for the inaugural Paris–Brest–Paris cycle-race the previous year. The newspaper's circulation dramatically increased as the French public followed the progress of race participants, 380 of whom completed the course in under ten days. In ''Le Petit Journal'' on 18 June 1892, Pierre Giffard praised the event as a model for the physical training of a nation faced by hostile neighbours. The event was won by Constant Ramoge in 100 hours, 5 minutes.Randonneurs Ontario, Profile of Pierre Giffard
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Geography

Climate

Belfort has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification ''Cfb''). The average annual temperature in Belfort is . The average annual rainfall is with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Belfort was on 13 July 1949; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 10 February 1956.

Population

Economy

Belfort is a centre for heavy engineering industries, mostly dedicated to railways and turbines. Belfort is the hometown of Alstom where the first TGVs (Trains à Grande Vitesse, High Speed Trains) were produced, as well as hosting the GE Power European headquarters and a centre of excellence for the manufacturing of gas turbines.

Transport

Road

Like many other European cities, the volume of road traffic in Belfort continues to increases and dominates transport. Belfort is situated at only from the commercial port of Mulhouse-Rhin which allows international trade. The motorway A36 from Beaune to Mulhouse follows a route to the south and east of the city, and forms the main axis linking Belfort to other French and European cities. N19 is another major route which joins the south of Belfort with Paris, Nancy and Switzerland.

Air

EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg is located about east of Belfort (1 hour drive).

Rail links

Belfort is well connected with the rest of France, with direct connections by train to major destinations such as Paris, Dijon, Besançon, Mulhouse, Strasbourg, Lyon, Marseille, Montpellier and Lille, including high-speed trains. Some trains operate into Switzerland, such as Basel and Zürich stations. There is also a train service to Frankfurt am Main in Germany.

Regional services connect Belfort to Montbéliard, Besançon, Mulhouse, Vesoul, Épinal and Nancy.

*Gare de Belfort is the main railway station in the centre of the city.
*Gare de Belfort – Montbéliard TGV is the high speed railway station, south of the city.

From 2017, regional trains will connect Belfort with Belfort-Montbéliard TGV station using the new Belfort–Delle railway link. This service will link Belfort and the surrounding area to Switzerland, and the high-speed train link will connect Swiss towns such as Delémont, Bern, Fribourg and Lausanne to Paris and other cities. Before 2020, the service Épinal-Belfort will be electrified and modernized. This will allow a link between LGV Est and LGV Rhin-Rhône in Belfort-Montbéliard TGV station, opening new destinations like Nancy, Metz and Luxembourg.

Local transport

A local bus network Optymo operates within Belfort (www.optymo.fr). Tickets can be bought from any newsagent in the city, or a bus passenger can send a sms 'BUS' to 84100 and show the confirmation sms as a ticket.

Cycling tracks

The region of Belfort already offers around of cycling tracks with more under construction. Visit the local tourist office for information on the latest additions including the 'Coulée verte' to the west, malsaucy-giromany to the north and the Euro Velo 6 about to the south. There are many organised cycling events, offering the opportunity for people to explore the area in the company of an official guide.

Sights

* Belfort is the home of the ''Lion of Belfort'', a sculpture (that expressed people's resistance against the siege in the Franco-Prussian War (1870)) by Frédéric Bartholdi – who shortly afterwards built the Statue of Liberty in New York.
* The Belfort Citadel – A unique example of '' Vauban'' pentagonal fortifications
* The Belfort Cathedral, 18th century
* The Belfort Synagogue erected in 1857
* The old town
* The Belfort city museums feature three main areas:
** History (from archeology to military) in the old barracks on the top of the citadel.
** Art (mainly from 16th to 19th century) in the Tour 41
** Modern Art in the ''Donation Jardot''
* Since July 2007, the site of "''La Citadelle de la Liberté''", the citadel of Liberty has been open to the public – with a son et lumière animated trail in the moats and its big underground passage.
* From the top of a tall building or going up the nearby mountains on a clear day, the ice-capped mountains of the Alps in Switzerland can be seen.
* Grand souterrain de la citadelle de Belfort- the underground passage of Belfort Citadel.

Culture

Eurockéennes

Belfort's best known cultural event is the annual Eurockéennes, one of France's largest rock music festivals.

FIMU

Belfort is also well known for hosting the annual ''Festival International de Musique Universitaire'' (FIMU)'' ''held in May each year. FIMU usually involves over 250 concerts at different locations around the city and around 2500 musicians, most of them students or amateur groups from countries across Europe and the rest of the world. Music styles performed are extremely diverse and include traditional, folk, rock, jazz, classical and experimental.

Personalities

Births

Belfort was the birthplace of:
* Joseph de La Porte (1714–1779), 18th-century Jesuit, literary critic, poet and playwright.
* Marie-Anne Françoise Brideau (1751–1794), Carmelite nun (Sœur Saint Louis), one of the sixteen Martyrs of Compiègne
* François Sébastien Christophe Laporte (1760–1823), French Revolutionary politician
* François Joseph Heim (1787–1865), painter
* Jules Brunet (1838–1911), a member of the first French Military Mission to Japan in order to help modernize the armies of the shogunate
* Alexander Toponce (1839–1923), American pioneer
* Louis-Gabriel-Charles Vicaire (1848–1900), poet
* Paul Faivre (1886–1973), actor
* Pierre Macherey (1938– ), literary critic
* Jean-Pierre Chevènement (1939– ), politician
* Raymond Forni (1941–2008), politician
* Gérard Grisey (born 1946–1998), composer
* Tahar Rahim (1981– ), actor
* Thomas Holbein (1983– ), professional footballer
* Frederic Duplus, footballer
* John Glele, footballer
* Catherine Joly, classical pianist

International relations

Belfort is twinned with:

* Delémont, Switzerland
* Leonberg, Germany
* Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
* Stafford, England, United Kingdom
* Tanghin-Dassouri, Burkina Faso

See also

*Communes of the Territoire de Belfort department
*The works of Antonin Mercié

References

External links

City council website


La place forte de Belfort 1870–1914


Tourist office website





* Léon Delarbre
* Georges Vérez. Sculptor of Belfort War Memorial.

{{Expand French, topic=geo, date=February 2016, Belfort

Communes of the Territoire de Belfort
Prefectures in France
Territoire de Belfort communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia
Vauban fortifications in France