Behemotops

''Behemotops'' (from the Biblical monster Behemoth, by Linnaeus and others believed to be a hippo) is an extinct genus of herbivorous marine mammal. It lived from the Early Oligocene (Rupelian) through the Late Oligocene (33.9 mya—23 Mya), existing for approximately . It is the most primitive known desmostylian, believed to be close to the ancestry of all other desmostylians.

History of discovery

''B. proteus''

In 1976, Emlong discovered a juvenile mandible — USNM 244035 — on Olympic Peninsula, Clallam County, Washington (, paleocoordinates ) which made the holotype of ''B. proteus''. Teeth of a young adult — LACM 124106 – was found in the same rock unit in 1986.

More complete material of ''B. proteus'' was found on Vancouver Island, British Columbia in 2007: the left side of an entire skull with several teeth, a partial scapula, an almost complete humerus, and several ribs and vertebrae. The cranial features of this specimen were similar to those of ''Cornwallius'', from which concluded that Desmostylidae and Paleoparadoxiidae probably diverged earlier than previously believed. Cockburn and Beatty also noted that, in their specimen, all teeth have erupted but the epiphyses of the bones are unfused and that it probably was an subadult; from which they concluded that the adult dentition was not delayed in ''Behemotops'', unlike ''Desmostylus'' and other Afrotheria, and that delayed dentition can not be the most primitive state of Desmostylia.

''B. katsuiei''

Skeletons of several individuals were found on western Hokkaido Island in Japan (: paleocoordinates ) in 1976, but this material remained unknown outside Japan until they were described in 1987. They were first assumed to be early Miocene in age, but a new analysis of the site in the mid-1980s revised their age to the Oligocene; making them the oldest found on the Japanese island, ancestral to all other desmostylians. They were later included into the genus ''Behemotops'' proposed by Domning et al. 1986.

Description

In comparison with later known desmostylians, ''Behemotops'' had more elephantine tooth and jaw features. It had cusped molars that more resembled those of mastodons or other land ungulates than those of later ''Desmostylus'', which exhibited odd "bound-pillar" shaped molars which may have evolved in response to the grit from a diet of sea-grass. Discovery of ''Behemotops'' helped place desmostylians as more closely related to proboscideans than sirenians, although relationships of this group are still poorly resolved.

''B. proteus'' was larger than ''Desmostylus'', measuring in length, in height and in body mass. ''B. katsuiei'' had an estimated body length of , making it the smaller of the two species.

Formerly placed in ''Behemotops''

''Behemotops emlongi'', also described in 1986, was placed in the synonymy of ''B. proteus'' in 1994, but was later placed in its own genus, '' Seuku'', in 2014. The first specimen, USNM 186889, a massive tusk in fragments of a mandible — was found in Lincoln County, Oregon () in 1969. In 1977, at the same location, fossil collector Douglas Emlong discovered a poorly preserved half right mandible — USNM 244033 — matching the first specimen. This mandible became the holotype of ''Seuku emlongi'' (then described as ''B. emlongi'') when described by . ''B. emlongi'' was later eventually made a synonym of ''B. proteus'' in 1994, before being removed from the genus altogether.

Notes

References

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{{Taxonbar, from=Q4880763

Desmostylians
Oligocene mammals of Asia
Oligocene mammals of North America
Rupelian genus first appearances
Chattian genus extinctions
Prehistoric placental genera
Fossil taxa described in 1986
Fossils of Japan