Beaux-Arts architecture ( , ) was the academic

architectural style An architectural style is a set of characteristics and features that make a building or other structure notable or historically identifiable. It is a sub-class of style in the visual arts generally, and most styles in architecture relate closely ...

taught at the

École des Beaux-Arts École des Beaux-Arts (; ) refers to a number of influential art schools in France. The term is associated with the Beaux-Arts style in architecture and city planning that thrived in France and other countries during the late nineteenth century ...

Paris Paris () is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than 105 km² (41 sq mi), making it the 30th most densely populated city in the world in 2020. S ...

, particularly from the 1830s to the end of the

19th century The 19th (nineteenth) century began on 1 January 1801 ( MDCCCI), and ended on 31 December 1900 ( MCM). The 19th century was the ninth century of the 2nd millennium. The 19th century was characterized by vast social upheaval. Slavery was abolis ...

. It drew upon the principles of

French neoclassicism Neoclassicism is a movement in architecture, design and the arts which was dominant in France between about 1760 to 1830. It emerged as a reaction to the frivolity and excessive ornament of the baroque and rococo styles. In architecture it featu ...

, but also incorporated

Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas ...

and

Baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...

elements, and used modern materials, such as iron and glass. It was an important style in France until the end of the 19th century.

History

The Beaux-Arts style evolved from the French classicism of the

Style Louis XIV The Louis XIV style or ''Louis Quatorze'' ( , ), also called French classicism, was the style of architecture and decorative arts intended to glorify King Louis XIV and his reign. It featured majesty, harmony and regularity. It became the official ...

, and then

beginning with

Style Louis XV The Louis XV style or ''Louis Quinze'' (, ) is a style of architecture and decorative arts which appeared during the reign of Louis XV. From 1710 until about 1730, a period known as the Régence, it was largely an extension of the Louis XIV style ...

and

Style Louis XVI Louis XVI style, also called ''Louis Seize'', is a style of architecture, furniture, decoration and art which developed in France during the 19-year reign of Louis XVI (1774–1793), just before the French Revolution. It saw the final phase of t ...

. French architectural styles before the

French Revolution The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are considere ...

were governed by

Académie royale d'architecture The Académie Royale d'Architecture (; en, "Royal Academy of Architecture") was a French learned society founded in 1671. It had a leading role in influencing architectural theory and education, not only in France, but throughout Europe and th ...

(1671–1793), then, following the French Revolution, by the Architecture section of the

Académie des Beaux-Arts An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of secondary or tertiary higher learning (and generally also research or honorary membership). The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, ...

. The Academy held the competition for the

Grand Prix de Rome The Prix de Rome () or Grand Prix de Rome was a French scholarship for arts students, initially for painters and sculptors, that was established in 1663 during the reign of Louis XIV of France. Winners were awarded a bursary that allowed them t ...

in architecture, which offered prize winners a chance to study the classical architecture of antiquity in Rome. The formal neoclassicism of the old regime was challenged by four teachers at the Academy,

Joseph-Louis Duc Joseph-Louis Duc () (25 October 1802 – 22 January 1879) was a French architect. Duc came to prominence early, with his very well received work at the July Column in Paris, and spent much of the rest of his career on a single building complex, ...

Félix Duban Jacques Félix Duban () (14 October 1798, Paris – 8 October 1870, Bordeaux) was a French architect, the contemporary of Jacques Ignace Hittorff and Henri Labrouste. Life and career Duban won the Prix de Rome in 1823, the most prestigious aw ...

Henri Labrouste Pierre-François-Henri Labrouste () (11 May 1801 – 24 June 1875) was a French architect from the famous École des Beaux-Arts school of architecture. After a six-year stay in Rome, Labrouste established an architectural training worksh ...

and

Léon Vaudoyer Léon Vaudoyer () (7 June 1803 – 9 February 1872) was a French architect. Biography Vaudoyer was born in Paris, the son of architect Antoine Vaudoyer. He was one of the "romantic" Beaux-Arts architecture, Beaux-Arts architects influenced by ...

, who had studied at the French Academy in Rome at the end of the 1820s. They wanted to break away from the strict formality of the old style by introducing new models of architecture from the

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...

and the

. Their goal was to create an authentic French style based on French models. Their work was aided beginning in 1837 by the creation of the Commission of Historic Monuments, headed by the writer and historian

Prosper Mérimée Prosper Mérimée (; 28 September 1803 – 23 September 1870) was a French writer in the movement of Romanticism, and one of the pioneers of the novella, a short novel or long short story. He was also a noted archaeologist and historian, and a ...

, and by the great interest in the Middle Ages caused by the publication in 1831 of ''

The Hunchback of Notre-Dame ''The Hunchback of Notre-Dame'' (french: Notre-Dame de Paris, translation=''Our Lady of Paris'', originally titled ''Notre-Dame de Paris. 1482'') is a French Gothic novel by Victor Hugo, published in 1831. It focuses on the unfortunate story o ...

'' by Victor Hugo. Their declared intention was to "imprint upon our architecture a truly national character." The style referred to as ''Beaux-Arts'' in English reached the apex of its development during the

Second Empire Second Empire may refer to: * Second British Empire, used by some historians to describe the British Empire after 1783 * Second Bulgarian Empire (1185–1396) * Second French Empire (1852–1870) ** Second Empire architecture, an architectural styl ...

(1852–1870) and the Third Republic that followed. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without major interruption until 1968. The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced the

architecture of the United States The architecture of the United States demonstrates a broad variety of architectural styles and built forms over the country's history of over two centuries of independence and former Spanish and British rule. Architecture in the United States h ...

in the period from 1880 to 1920. In contrast, many European architects of the period 1860–1914 outside France gravitated away from Beaux-Arts and towards their own national academic centers. Owing to the cultural politics of the late 19th century, British architects of Imperial classicism followed a somewhat more independent course, a development culminating in Sir

Edwin Lutyens Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens ( ; 29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944) was an English architect known for imaginatively adapting traditional architectural styles to the requirements of his era. He designed many English country houses, war memori ...

's New Delhi government buildings.

Training

The Beaux-Arts training emphasized the mainstream examples of

Imperial Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism. Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to: Places United States * Imperial, California * Imperial, Missouri * Imperial, Nebraska * Imperial, Pennsylvania * Imperial, Texa ...

Roman architecture Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but was different from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style. The two styles are often considered on ...

between

Augustus Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Pri ...

and the Severan emperors,

Italian Renaissance The Italian Renaissance ( it, Rinascimento ) was a period in Italian history covering the 15th and 16th centuries. The period is known for the initial development of the broader Renaissance culture that spread across Europe and marked the trans ...

, and French and Italian

models especially, but the training could then be applied to a broader range of models:

Quattrocento The cultural and artistic events of Italy during the period 1400 to 1499 are collectively referred to as the Quattrocento (, , ) from the Italian word for the number 400, in turn from , which is Italian for the year 1400. The Quattrocento encom ...

Florentine

palace A palace is a grand residence, especially a royal residence, or the home of a head of state or some other high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop. The word is derived from the Latin name palātium, for Palatine Hill in Rome which ...

fronts or French late Gothic. American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to

Greek Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

models, which had a strong local history in the American

Greek Revival The Greek Revival was an architectural movement which began in the middle of the 18th century but which particularly flourished in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, predominantly in northern Europe and the United States and Canada, but ...

of the early 19th century. For the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details. Beaux-Arts training made great use of ''agrafes'', clasps that link one architectural detail to another; to interpenetration of forms, a Baroque habit; to "speaking architecture" (''

architecture parlante ''Architecture parlante'' ( French: ) is architecture that explains its own function or identity. The phrase was originally associated with Claude Nicolas Ledoux, and was extended to other Paris-trained architects of the Revolutionary period, ...

'') in which the appropriateness of symbolism was paid particularly close attention. Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the

program Program, programme, programmer, or programming may refer to: Business and management * Program management, the process of managing several related projects * Time management * Program, a part of planning Arts and entertainment Audio * Progra ...

, and knowledgeable detailing. Site considerations included the social and urban context. All architects-in-training passed through the obligatory stages—studying antique models, constructing , analyses reproducing Greek or Roman models, "pocket" studies and other conventional steps—in the long competition for the few desirable places at the

Académie de France à Rome The French Academy in Rome (french: Académie de France à Rome) is an Academy located in the Villa Medici, within the Villa Borghese, on the Pincio (Pincian Hill) in Rome, Italy. History The Academy was founded at the Palazzo Capranica in 1 ...

(housed in the

Villa Medici The Villa Medici () is a Mannerist villa and an architectural complex with a garden contiguous with the larger Borghese gardens, on the Pincian Hill next to Trinità dei Monti in Rome, Italy. The Villa Medici, founded by Ferdinando I de' Medici, ...

) with traditional requirements of sending at intervals the presentation drawings called ''envois de Rome''.

Characteristics

File:DianaAndPomona.jpg, Beaux-Arts building decoration presenting images of the Roman

goddess A goddess is a female deity. In many known cultures, goddesses are often linked with literal or metaphorical pregnancy or imagined feminine roles associated with how women and girls are perceived or expected to behave. This includes themes of s ...

es Pomona and Diana. Note the naturalism of the postures and the channeled rustication of the stonework. File:SFCityHallExteriorKeystone.jpg, Alternating male and female mascarons decorate keystones on the

San Francisco City Hall San Francisco City Hall is the seat of government for the City and County of San Francisco, California. Re-opened in 1915 in its open space area in the city's Civic Center, it is a Beaux-Arts monument to the City Beautiful movement that epitomi ...

Beaux-Arts architecture depended on sculptural decoration along conservative modern lines, employing French and Italian Baroque and

Rococo Rococo (, also ), less commonly Roccoco or Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and theatrical style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpted moulding, ...

formulas combined with an impressionistic finish and realism. In the façade shown above, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in a natural action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture. Slightly overscaled details, bold sculptural supporting consoles, rich deep

cornice In architecture, a cornice (from the Italian ''cornice'' meaning "ledge") is generally any horizontal decorative moulding that crowns a building or furniture element—for example, the cornice over a door or window, around the top edge of a ...

s, swags and sculptural enrichments in the most bravura finish the client could afford gave employment to several generations of architectural modellers and carvers of Italian and Central European backgrounds. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the design teams of the first truly modern architectural offices. Characteristics of Beaux-Arts architecture included: * Flat roof * Rusticated and raised first story * Hierarchy of spaces, from "noble spaces"—grand entrances and staircases—to utilitarian ones * Arched windows * Arched and

pediment Pediments are gables, usually of a triangular shape. Pediments are placed above the horizontal structure of the lintel, or entablature, if supported by columns. Pediments can contain an overdoor and are usually topped by hood moulds. A pedimen ...

ed doors * Classical details: references to a synthesis of historicist styles and a tendency to

eclecticism Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories in ...

; fluently in a number of "manners" * Symmetry * Statuary, sculpture (

bas-relief Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces are bonded to a solid background of the same material. The term ''relief'' is from the Latin verb ''relevo'', to raise. To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that the ...

panels, figural sculptures, sculptural groups), murals, mosaics, and other artwork, all coordinated in theme to assert the identity of the building * Classical architectural details:

balustrades A baluster is an upright support, often a vertical moulded shaft, square, or lathe-turned form found in stairways, parapets, and other architectural features. In furniture construction it is known as a spindle. Common materials used in its cons ...

pilasters In classical architecture, a pilaster is an architectural element used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function. It consists of a flat surface raised from the main wall ...

festoon A festoon (from French ''feston'', Italian ''festone'', from a Late Latin ''festo'', originally a festal garland, Latin ''festum'', feast) is a wreath or garland hanging from two points, and in architecture typically a carved ornament depicti ...

cartouches In Egyptian hieroglyphs, a cartouche is an oval with a line at one end tangent to it, indicating that the text enclosed is a royal name. The first examples of the cartouche are associated with pharaohs at the end of the Third Dynasty, but the fea ...

acroteria An acroterion, acroterium, or akroteria is an architectural ornament placed on a flat pedestal called the ''acroter'' or plinth, and mounted at the apex or corner of the pediment of a building in the classical style. An acroterion placed at th ...

, with a prominent display of richly detailed clasps (''agrafes''), brackets and supporting consoles * Subtle

polychromy Polychrome is the "practice of decorating architectural elements, sculpture, etc., in a variety of colors." The term is used to refer to certain styles of architecture, pottery or sculpture in multiple colors. Ancient Egypt Colossal statu ...

Beaux-Arts architecture by country

Lego (disambiguation) Lego is a line of toys produced by the Lego Group consisting of interlocking plastic blocks. Places * Lego, Somalia, a village in Somalia * Lego, West Virginia, United States *Lego House, Billund, known as “Home of the Brick” *Legoland Ar ...

Belgium

File:Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale 20.JPG,

Royal Museum for Central Africa The Royal Museum for Central Africa or RMCA ( nl, Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika or KMMA; french: Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale or MRAC; german: Königliches Museum für Zentralafrika or KMZA), also officially known as the AfricaMuse ...

, Tervuren File:Parc du Cinquantenaire 30-05-06.JPG, Main triumphal arch with one of the two side buildings of the Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark, Brussels File:Royal Palace Laeken from the Air.jpg, Overview from the

Royal Palace of Laeken The Palace of Laeken or Castle of Laeken (french: Château de Laeken, nl, Kasteel van Laken, german: Schloss zu Laeken) is the official residence of the King of the Belgians and the Belgian Royal Family. It lies in the Brussels-Capital Regio ...

, Brussels File:Thermen.pano.jpg, Panoramic view of the

Royal Galleries of Ostend The Royal Galleries of Ostend ( nl, Koninklijke Gaanderijen) are a seaside neoclassical arcade on a dike on the beach of Ostend, Belgium. They extend from the royal villa in the east to the Hippodrome Wellington horse racing track in the west. T ...

File:Ensemble de trois immeubles Art nouveau Avenue Brugmann 176 178 Avenue Molière Bruxelles Avenue Molière 177 179.jpg, Herenhuis Vandenbroeck on the Avenue Molière and Avenue Brugmann, Brussels Even though the style was not used as much as in neighbouring country France, some examples of Beaux-Arts buildings can still be found in Belgium. The most prominent of these examples is the

Tervuren Tervuren () is a municipality in the province of Flemish Brabant, in Flanders, Belgium. The municipality comprises the villages of Duisburg, Tervuren, Vossem and Moorsel. On January 1, 2006, Tervuren had a total population of 20,636. The total a ...

, but the complexes and triumphal arch of the Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark in

Brussels Brussels (french: Bruxelles or ; nl, Brussel ), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (french: link=no, Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; nl, link=no, Bruss ...

and expansions of the

Palace of Laeken The Palace of Laeken or Castle of Laeken (french: Château de Laeken, nl, Kasteel van Laken, german: Schloss zu Laeken) is the official residence of the King of the Belgians and the Monarchy of Belgium, Belgian Royal Family. It lies in the B ...

in Brussels and

also carry the Beaux-Arts style, created by the French architect

Charles Girault Charles-Louis Girault (27 December 1851 – 26 December 1932) was a French architect. Biography Born in Cosne-Cours-sur-Loire, he studied with Honoré Daumet at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Paris. He received the first Pri ...

. Furthermore, various large Beaux-Arts buildings can also be found in Brussels on the Avenue Molière/Molièrelaan. As an old student of the École des Beaux-Arts and as a designer of the

Petit Palais The Petit Palais (; en, Small Palace) is an art museum in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France. Built for the 1900 Exposition Universelle ("universal exhibition"), it now houses the City of Paris Museum of Fine Arts (''Musée des beaux-arts ...

, Girault was the figurehead of the Beaux-Arts around the 20th century. After the death of

Alphonse Balat Alphonse Hubert François Balat (15 May 1818 – 16 September 1895) was a Belgian architect. Life Balat was born in Gochenée. He studied at the Academie of Namur and obtained his degree in architecture from the Academy of Antwerp in 1838. ...

, he became the new and favourite architect of

Leopold II of Belgium * german: link=no, Leopold Ludwig Philipp Maria Viktor , house = Saxe-Coburg and Gotha , father = Leopold I of Belgium , mother = Louise of Orléans , birth_date = , birth_place = Brussels, Belgium , death_date = ...

. Since Leopold was the grandson of

Louis Philippe I Louis Philippe (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, and the penultimate monarch of France. As Louis Philippe, Duke of Chartres, he distinguished himself commanding troops during the Revolutionary War ...

of France, he loved this specific building style which is similar to and has its roots in the architecture that has been realized in the 17th and 18th century for the French crown.

Beaux-Arts buildings in Belgium

* 1782:

(extensions) * 1880: Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark, Brussels (complexes and triumphal arch) * 1898:

* 1902–1906:

Ostend Ostend ( nl, Oostende, ; french: link=no, Ostende ; german: link=no, Ostende ; vls, Ostende) is a coastal city and municipality, located in the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It comprises the boroughs of Mariakerk ...

(extensions) * 1908: Avenue Molière 177–179 / Avenue Brugmann 176–178, Brussels (a combination of

Art Nouveau Art Nouveau (; ) is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. The style is known by different names in different languages: in German, in Italian, in Catalan, and also known as the Modern ...

, Beaux-Arts and

) * 1909: Avenue Molière 193, Brussels * 1910: Avenue Molière 128, Brussels * 1910: Avenue Molière 130, Brussels * 1910: Avenue Molière 132, Brussels * 1910: Avenue Molière 207, Brussels * 1912: Avenue Molière 519, Brussels * 1912: Avenue Molière 305, Brussels

France

File:P1020033 Paris III CNAM Galeries exposition reductwk.JPG, The

Conservatoire national des arts et métiers A music school is an educational institution specialized in the study, training, and research of music. Such an institution can also be known as a school of music, music academy, music faculty, college of music, music department (of a larger in ...

(1838–1867) File:Bibliothèque St Geneviève Paris.jpg, The

Sainte-Geneviève Library Sainte-Geneviève Library (french: link=no, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève) is a public and university library located at 10, place du Panthéon, across the square from the Panthéon, in the 5th arrondissement of Paris. It is based on the ...

(1844–1850) File:Salle de lecture Bibliotheque Sainte-Genevieve n01.jpg, Interior of the

(1844–1850) File:Paris 75005 Grande Galerie de l'Evolution 20070804.jpg, Museum of Natural History, Paris by

Louis-Jules André Louis-Jules André (24 June 1819 – 30 January 1890) was a French academic architect and the head of an important ''atelier'' at the École des Beaux-Arts. Biography Born in Paris, André attended the École des Beaux-Arts and took the Prix ...

(1877–1889) File:Main entrance of Grand Palais, Paris July 2014.jpg, The

Grand Palais The Grand Palais des Champs-Élysées ( en, Great Palace of the Elysian Fields), commonly known as the Grand Palais (English: Great Palace), is a historic site, exhibition hall and museum complex located at the Champs-Élysées in the 8th arro ...

. Paris (1897–1900) The Beaux-Arts style in France in the 19th century was initiated by four young architects trained at the

, architects;

and

, who had first studied

Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a letter ...

and

Greek architecture Ancient Greek architecture came from the Greek-speaking people (''Hellenic'' people) whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland, the Peloponnese, the Aegean Islands, and in colonies in Anatolia and Italy for a period from about 900 BC unti ...

at the Villa Medici in Rome, then in the 1820s began the systematic study of other historic

s, including

French architecture French architecture consists of numerous architectural styles that either originated in France or elsewhere and were developed within the territories of France. History Gallo-Roman The architecture of Ancient Rome at first adopted the exter ...

of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. They instituted teaching about a variety of architectural styles at the École des Beaux-Arts, and installed fragments of Renaissance and Medieval buildings in the courtyard of the school so students could draw and copy them. Each of them also designed new non-classical buildings in Paris inspired by a variety of different historic styles: Labrouste built the

(1844–1850), Duc designed the new Palais de Justice and

Court of Cassation A court of cassation is a high-instance court that exists in some judicial systems. Courts of cassation do not re-examine the facts of a case, they only interpret the relevant law. In this they are appellate courts of the highest instance. In th ...

on the Île-de-la-Cité (1852–1868), Vaudroyer designed the

(1838–1867), and Duban designed the new buildings of the École des Beaux-Arts. Together, these buildings, drawing upon Renaissance, Gothic and Romanesque and other non-classical styles, broke the monopoly of neoclassical architecture in Paris.

Germany

File:Berlin Museumsinsel Fernsehturm.jpg, Bode Museum, Berlin File:Hamburg Musikhalle 01 KMJ.jpg, Laeiszhalle, Hamburg File:Hh-budgepalais.jpg, Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg, Hamburg Germany is one of the countries where the Beaux-Arts style was well received, along with

Baroque Revival architecture The Baroque Revival, also known as Neo-Baroque (or Second Empire architecture in France and Wilhelminism in Germany), was an architectural style of the late 19th century. The term is used to describe architecture and architectural sculptur ...

. The style was especially popular and most prominently featured in the now non-existent region of

Prussia Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an em ...

during the

German Empire The German Empire (),Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditary ...

. The best example of Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany today are the

Bode Museum The Bode-Museum (English: ''Bode Museum''), formerly called the Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum (''Emperor Frederick Museum''), is a listed building on the Museum Island in the historic centre of Berlin. It was built from 1898 to 1904 by order of Germa ...

Berlin Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constitue ...

, and the

Laeiszhalle The Laeiszhalle (), formerly Musikhalle Hamburg, is a concert hall in the Neustadt of Hamburg, Germany and home to the Hamburger Symphoniker and the Philharmoniker Hamburg. The hall is named after the German shipowning company F. Laeisz, foun ...

and

Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg The Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg is one of the larger universities of music in Germany. It was founded 1950 as ''Staatliche Hochschule für Musik'' (Public college of music) on the base of the former private acting school of Annem ...

Hamburg (male), (female) en, Hamburger(s), Hamburgian(s) , timezone1 = Central (CET) , utc_offset1 = +1 , timezone1_DST = Central (CEST) , utc_offset1_DST = +2 , postal ...

Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany

*1898–1904:

*1904–1908:

Hamburg (male), (female) en, Hamburger(s), Hamburgian(s) , timezone1 = Central (CET) , utc_offset1 = +1 , timezone1_DST = Central (CEST) , utc_offset1_DST = +2 , postal ...

*1888–1913:

, Hamburg

Hungary

File:Nyugati pályaudvar, Budapest.jpg, Budapest-Nyugati Pályaudvar, Budapest

Beaux-Arts buildings in Hungary

* 1875–1877: Budapest Nyugati railway station,

Budapest Budapest (, ; ) is the capital and most populous city of Hungary. It is the ninth-largest city in the European Union by population within city limits and the second-largest city on the Danube river; the city has an estimated population ...

Italy

File:MergellinaHotelExcelsiorNaples3.jpg, Hotel Excelsior, Naples

Beaux-Arts buildings in Italy

*1908: Hotel Excelsior,

Naples Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...

Netherlands

File:Prentbriefkaart Plan C met de Oudehavenkade, de Oude Haven en een boot 1900.jpg, Plan C, Rotterdam File:Amsterdam, Blauwbrug in 2007.jpg, Blauwbrug, Amsterdam File:Brug246.jpg, Hogesluis, Amsterdam File:Rotterdam regentessebrug.jpg, Regentessebrug, Rotterdam File:513763 Stadhuis.jpg, City hall, Rotterdam File:Rotterdam coolsingel42.jpg, Former General Post Office, Rotterdam File:Vredespaleis foto 1.JPG, Peace Palace, The Hague Compared to other countries like France and Germany, the Beaux-Arts style never really became prominent in the Netherlands. However, a handful of significant buildings have nonetheless been made in this style during the period of 1880 to 1920, mainly being built in the cities of

Rotterdam Rotterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Rotte'') is the second largest city and municipality in the Netherlands. It is in the province of South Holland, part of the North Sea mouth of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta, via the ''"N ...

Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the Capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population ...

and

The Hague The Hague ( ; nl, Den Haag or ) is a city and municipality of the Netherlands, situated on the west coast facing the North Sea. The Hague is the country's administrative centre and its seat of government, and while the official capital of ...

Beaux-Arts buildings in the Netherlands

*1880–1889: (destroyed during the

German bombing of Rotterdam Rotterdam was subjected to heavy aerial bombardment by the ''Luftwaffe'' during the German invasion of the Netherlands in World War II. The objective was to support the German troops fighting in the city, break Dutch resistance and force the Du ...

in 1940) *1883: Blauwbrug,

*1883: , Amsterdam *1898: , Rotterdam *1914–1920:

Rotterdam City Hall Rotterdam City Hall was built between 1914 and 1920 by . It is one of the few buildings in the center of Rotterdam that survived the bombing of May 14, 1940. Since 10 October 2000 it has been recognized as a Rijksmonument. History Rotterdam's f ...

(partially damaged during the Rotterdam Blitz of 1940 but later restored) *1915–1923: Former (partially damaged during the Rotterdam Blitz of 1940 but later restored) *1907–1913:

Peace Palace , native_name_lang = , logo = , logo_size = , logo_alt = , logo_caption = , image = La haye palais paix jardin face.JPG , image_size = , image_alt = , image_caption = The Peace Palace, The Hague , map_type = , map_alt = , m ...

, The Hague

Portugal

File:01 Edifício na Rua Alexandre Herculano, n.º 25, Lisboa.jpg, Edifício na Rua Alexandre Herculano, Lisbon File:Av de República n 23 -Lisboa1923.jpg, Edifício de Gaveto, Lisbon File:Office de l’assistance contre le tuberculose (Lisbonne).jpg, Instituto Central da Assistência Nacional aos Tuberculosos, Lisbon File:OrdemEngenheirosSede.JPG, Sede da Ordem dos Engenheiros, Lisbon

Beaux-Arts buildings in Portugal

* 1909–1911: Building on Rua ,

Lisbon Lisbon (; pt, Lisboa ) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 544,851 within its administrative limits in an area of 100.05 km2. Grande Lisboa, Lisbon's urban area extends beyond the city's administr ...

* 1912: Headquarters of the Orders of Engineers, Lisbon * 1913: , Lisbon * Central Institute of National Assistance to Tuberculosis Portugal, Lisbon

Romania

Banca Națională a României, corp vechi 20180911 163450 HDR.jpg, Exterior of the Old National Bank of Romania Palace,

Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ro, București ) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than north of ...

, 1883-1900, by Joseph-Marie Cassien Barnard and

Albert Galleron Albert may refer to: Companies * Albert (supermarket), a supermarket chain in the Czech Republic * Albert Heijn, a supermarket chain in the Netherlands * Albert Market, a street market in The Gambia * Albert Productions, a record label * Albert C ...

, assisted by

Grigore Cerkez Grigore, the equivalent of Gregory, is a Romanian-language first name. It may refer to: *Grigore Alexandrescu (1810–1885), Romanian poet and translator *Grigore Antipa (1866–1944), Romanian Darwinist biologist, ichthyologist, ecologist, oceano ...

and Constantin Băicoianu 25 Strada Lipscani, Bucharest (13).jpg, Interior of the Old National Bank of Romania Palace, Bucharest, 1883-1900, by Joseph-Marie Cassien Barnard and Albert Galleron, assisted by Grigore Cerkez and Constantin Băicoianu Biblioteca Central de la Universidad de Bucarest, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 71.jpg,

Central University Library Central is an adjective usually referring to being in the center of some place or (mathematical) object. Central may also refer to: Directions and generalised locations * Central Africa, a region in the centre of Africa continent, also known as ...

Calea Victoriei CALEA may refer to: *Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, an act by the US Congress to facilitate wiretapping of U.S. domestic telephone and Internet traffic *Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies, a private accredit ...

(Bucharest), 1891-1895, by

Paul Gottereau Paul may refer to: *Paul (given name), a given name (includes a list of people with that name) *Paul (surname), a list of people People Christianity * Paul the Apostle (AD c.5–c.64/65), also known as Saul of Tarsus or Saint Paul, early Chri ...

Palacio CEC, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 91-93 HDR.jpg,

CEC Palace The CEC Palace ( ro, Palatul CEC) in Bucharest, Romania, built between 8 June 1897 and 1900, and situated on Calea Victoriei opposite the National Museum of Romanian History, is the headquarters of CEC Bank. History Before the construction of t ...

on Calea Victoriei, 1897-1900, by Paul Gottereau (project) and

Ion Socolescu An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by conven ...

(construction) 2 Strada Arthur Verona, Bucharest (01).jpg, Mitilineu House Bucharest, 1898, unknown architect The Cantacuzino Palace from Bucharest (Romania).jpg,

Cantacuzino Palace Cantacuzino Palace is located on Calea Victoriei no. 141, Bucharest, Romania. It was built by architect Ion D. Berindey in the Beaux Arts style, having a few Rococo Revival rooms. Today it houses the George Enescu museum. History The pala ...

on Calea Victoriei, 1898-1906, by

Ion D. Berindey An ion () is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by conven ...

Palatul Constantin Mihail, (azi Muzeul de Artă) vedere centrală.JPG, Constantin Mihail Palace (currently the

Craiova Art Museum The Craiova Art Museum ( ro, Muzeul de Artă din Craiova) is an art museum in the city of Craiova, Oltenia, Romania. The museum is housed in the Constantin Mihail Palace, built from 1898 to 1907 according to the plans of French architect Paul Go ...

Craiova Craiova (, also , ), is Romania's 6th Cities in Romania, largest city and capital of Dolj County, and situated near the east bank of the river Jiu River, Jiu in central Oltenia. It is a longstanding political center, and is located at approximatel ...

, 1898-1907, by Paul Gottereau 13 Strada Silvestru, Bucharest (01).jpg, Strada Silvestru no. 13, Bucharest, 1900, unknown architect Casa Assan 1.jpg, Assan House, Bucharest, 1914, by

In the

Romanian Old Kingdom The Romanian Old Kingdom ( ro, Vechiul Regat or just ''Regat''; german: Regat or ) is a colloquial term referring to the territory covered by the first independent Romanian nation state, which was composed of the Romanian Principalities: Wallachia ...

, towards the end of the century, many administrative buildings and private homes are built in the «Beaux-Arts» or «Eclectic» style, brought from France through French architects who came here for work in Romania, schooled in France. The National Bank of Romania Palace on Strada Lipscani, built between 1883 and 1885 is a good example of this style, decorated not just with columns (mainly Ionic), but also with allegorical statues placed in niches, that depict Agriculture, Industry, Commerce and Justice. Because of the popularity of this style, it changed the way Bucharest looks, making it similar in some way with Paris, which led to Bucharest being seen as "Little Paris". Eclecticism was very popular not just in Bucharest and

Iași Iași ( , , ; also known by other alternative names), also referred to mostly historically as Jassy ( , ), is the second largest city in Romania and the seat of Iași County. Located in the historical region of Moldavia, it has traditionally ...

, the two biggest cities of Romania at that time, but also in smaller ones like

Caracal The caracal (''Caracal caracal'') () is a medium-sized wild cat native to Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and arid areas of Pakistan and northwestern India. It is characterised by a robust build, long legs, a short face, long tufted e ...

Râmnicu Vâlcea Râmnicu Vâlcea (also spelled ''Rîmnicu Vîlcea'' or, in the past, ''Rîmnic-Vâlcea'', ) (population: 92,573 as per the 2011 Romanian census) is the county capital ( ro, Reședință de județ) and also the largest town of Vâlcea County, cent ...

Pitești Pitești () is a city in Romania, located on the river Argeș. The capital and largest city of Argeș County, it is an important commercial and industrial center, as well as the home of two universities. Pitești is situated in the historical re ...

Ploiești Ploiești ( , , ), formerly spelled Ploești, is a city and county seat in Prahova County, Romania. Part of the historical region of Muntenia, it is located north of Bucharest. The area of Ploiești is around , and it borders the Blejoi commu ...

Buzău The city of Buzău (formerly spelled ''Buzeu'' or ''Buzĕu''; ) is the county seat of Buzău County, Romania, in the historical region of Muntenia. It lies near the right bank of the Buzău River, between the south-eastern curvature of the Car ...

Botoșani Botoșani () is the capital city of Botoșani County, in the northern part of Western Moldavia, Moldavia, Romania. Today, it is best known as the birthplace of many celebrated Romanians, including Mihai Eminescu, Nicolae Iorga and Grigore Antipa. ...

Piatra Neamț Piatra Neamț (; german: Kreuzburg an der Bistrița (Siret), Bistritz; hu, Karácsonkő) is the capital city of Neamț County, in the historical region of Western Moldavia, in northeastern Romania. Because of its privileged location in the Easter ...

etc. This style was used not only for administrative palaces and big houses of wealthy people, but also for middle class homes.

Spain

File:Estación del Norte.jpg, Estación del Norte, Madrid (renamed the Estación de Príncipe Pío after renovation in 1995) File:Hotel Santo Mauro (Madrid) 01.jpg, Hotel Santo Mauro, Madrid File:Casino de Madrid (España) 05.jpg, Casino de Madrid File:Edificio Metrópolis (Madrid) 25.jpg, Edificio Metrópolis, Madrid File:Casa Reynot (Madrid) 02.jpg, Casa Reynot, Madrid File:Círculo de la Unión Mercantil e Industrial (Madrid) 01.jpg, Gran Vía 24, Madrid File:Viviendas para el Marqués de Encinares (Madrid, 1923) 02.jpg, Homes for the Marquis of Encinares, Madrid File:Casa-Palacio de Tomás de Beruete (Madrid) 01.jpg, Casa-Palacio de Tomás de Beruete, Madrid File:Centro de Humanidades del CSIC (Madrid) 01.jpg, Former Humanities Center of the Spanish National Research Council, Madrid File:Calle Mayor nº 6 (Madrid) 01.jpg, Calle Mayor 6, Madrid File:Cuartel General de la Armada.jpg, Spanish Navy Headquarters, Madrid File:Edificiocoruña.png, Casa Cortés, Corunna

Beaux-Arts buildings in Spain

*1876: Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country of Cartagena building, Cartagena *1876–1882:

North Station North Station is a commuter rail and intercity rail terminal station in Boston, Massachusetts. It is served by four MBTA Commuter Rail lines – the Fitchburg Line, Haverhill Line, Lowell Line, and Newburyport/Rockport Line – and the Amtrak ...

Madrid Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and ...

*1981: Casa Resines,

Valladolid Valladolid () is a Municipalities of Spain, municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government and de facto capital of the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Castile and León. It is also the capital of the province o ...

*1886: Gutierrez Passage, Valladolid *1902: Hotel Santo Mauro, Madrid *1905–1910:

Casino de Madrid The Casino de Madrid (Spanish: ''Casino de Madrid'') is currently located in Madrid, Spain on number 15 Calle de Alcalá. It was born as a social club in 1836, outside of politics and with the intention of being a place where its members could ...

*1907–1911: Metropolis Building, Madrid *1908–1911: Calle de Montalbán 5, Madrid *1913–1916: Reynot House, Madrid *1919–1924: Gran Vía 24, Madrid *1920–1923: Homes for the Marquis of Encinares, Madrid *1921–1923: Mansion of Tomás de Beruete, Madrid *1922: Former Humanities Center of the Spanish National Research Council, Madrid *1924: Calle Mayor 6, Madrid *1915–1928:

North America

Canada

File:Government Conference Centre.jpg, Senate of Canada Building, Ottawa File:2011 Alberta Legislature Building 03.jpg, Alberta Legislature Building, Edmonton File:Parliamentwinnipeg manitoba.jpg, Manitoba Legislative Building, Winnipeg File:Hockey Hall of Fame, Toronto.jpg, Hockey Hall of Fame, Toronto Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century. Notably all three prairie provinces' legislative buildings are in this style.

=Beaux-Arts buildings in Canada

= *1898: London and Lancashire Life Building, Montreal *1903: Old Montreal Stock Exchange Building *1905: Allegheny College#Early history, Alden Hall, Meadville *1906: Toronto Power Generating Station, Niagara Falls *1907: Royal Alexandra Theatre, Toronto *1909: Linton Apartments, Montreal *1912: Sun Tower, Vancouver *1912: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal *1912: Senate of Canada Building (originally a railway station by Ross and Macdonald), Ottawa *1912: Saskatchewan Legislative Building, Regina *1913: Alberta Legislative Building, Edmonton *1913–1920: Union Station (Toronto), Union Station, Toronto *1913–1931: Sun Life Building, Montreal *1920: Manitoba Legislative Building, Winnipeg *1920: Millennium Centre, Winnipeg *1923: Commemorative Arch, Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario *1923–1924: Bank of Nova Scotia, Ottawa *1924–2017: Former Superior Court of Justice Building, Thunder Bay *1927: Union Station (Toronto) , Union Station, Toronto *1930: Dominion Square Building, Montreal *1931: Canada Life Building, Toronto *1932: Mount Royal Chalet, Montreal *1932: Indigenous Peoples Space, Ottawa (formerly the United States Embassy) *1935: Dominion Public Building, Toronto *1938–1946: Supreme Court of Canada Building, Ottawa *1943: Hockey Hall of Fame (formerly a branch of the Bank of Montreal), Toronto

=Beaux-Arts architects in Canada

= * William Sutherland Maxwell * John M. Lyle * Ross and Macdonald * Henry Sproatt, Sproatt & Rolph * Pearson and Darling * Ernest Cormier * E.J. Lennox * Jean-Omer Marchand :fr:Jean-Omer Marchand

United States

File:Flickr - USCapitol - Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson Building (1).jpg, The Thomas Jefferson Building of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., by John L. Smithmeyer, Paul J. Pelz, and Edward Pearce Casey (1897) File:Willard Hotel from Pershing Park3.jpg, The Willard Hotel, Washington, D.C., by Henry Janeway Hardenbergh (1901) File:Metropolitan Museum of Art entrance NYC.JPG, Facade of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, by Richard Morris Hunt (1902) File:Image-Grand central Station Outside Night 2.jpg, Grand Central Terminal (1913), New York City File:NewYorkPublicLibrary.jpg, The New York Public Library Main Branch in Bryant Park, New York City, by architects Carrère and Hastings (1911) File:SFOperaHouse.jpg, The San Francisco War Memorial Opera House by Arthur Brown Jr. (1932) File:Palace horticulture 01.jpg, The Palace of Horticulture from the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco by Arthur Brown Jr. (1915 demolished in 1916) Beaux-Arts architecture had a strong influence on architecture in the United States because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the École des Beaux-Arts, including Henry Hobson Richardson, John Galen Howard, Daniel Burnham, and Louis Sullivan. The first American architect to attend the École des Beaux-Arts was Richard Morris Hunt, between 1846 and 1855, followed by Henry Hobson Richardson in 1860. They were followed by an entire generation. Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning, then applied them to Romanesque architecture, Romanesque architectural models that were not characteristic of the Beaux-Arts repertory. His Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in the essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a highly personal style (Richardsonian Romanesque) freed of historicism that was influential in early Modernism. The "White City" of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement and a major impetus for the short-lived City Beautiful movement in the United States. Beaux-Arts city planning, with its Baroque insistence on vistas punctuated by symmetry, eye-catching monuments, axial avenues, uniform cornice heights, a harmonious "ensemble," and a somewhat theatrical nobility and accessible charm, embraced ideals that the ensuing Modernist movement decried or just dismissed. The first American university to institute a Beaux-Arts curriculum is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1893, when the French architect Constant-Désiré Despradelle was brought to MIT to teach. The Beaux-Arts curriculum was subsequently begun at Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and elsewhere. From 1916, the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design in New York City schooled architects, painters, and sculptors to work as active collaborators.

=Beaux-Arts buildings in the United States

= Numerous American university campuses were designed in the Beaux-Arts, notably: Columbia University, (commissioned in 1896), designed by McKim, Mead & White; the University of California, Berkeley (commissioned in 1898), designed by John Galen Howard; the United States Naval Academy (built 1901–1908), designed by Ernest Flagg; the campus of MIT (commissioned in 1913), designed by William W. Bosworth; Emory University and Carnegie Mellon University (commissioned in 1908 and 1904, respectively), both designed by Henry Hornbostel; and the University of Texas (commissioned in 1931), designed by Paul Philippe Cret. While the style of Beaux-Art buildings was adapted from historical models, the construction used the most modern available technology. The

in Paris (1897–1900) had a modern iron frame inside; the classical columns were purely for decoration. The 1914–1916 construction of the Carolands, Carolands Chateau south of San Francisco was built to withstand earthquakes, following the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The noted Spanish structural engineer Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908), famous for his vaultings, known as Guastavino tile work, designed vaults in dozens of Beaux-Arts buildings in Boston, New York, and elsewhere. Beaux-Arts architecture also brought a civic face to railroads. Chicago's Chicago Union Station, Union Station, Detroit's Michigan Central Station, Prime F. Osborn III Convention Center, Jacksonville's Union Terminal, Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station (1910–1963), the original Pennsylvania Station in New York, and Washington Union Station, Washington, D.C.'s Union Station are famous American examples of this style. Cincinnati has a number of notable Beaux-Arts style buildings, including the Hamilton County Memorial Building in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood, and the former East End Carnegie library in the Columbia-Tusculum neighborhood. An ecclesiastical variant on the Beaux-Arts style is Minneapolis' Basilica of Saint Mary (Minneapolis), Basilica of St. Mary, the first basilica in the United States, which was designed by Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray (1861–1917) and opened in 1914, and a Freemason temple variant, the Plainfield Masonic Temple, in Plainfield, New Jersey, designed by John E. Minott in 1927. Other examples include the New York Public Library Main Branch, main branch of the New York Public Library; Bancroft Hall at the Naval Academy, the largest academic dormitory in the world; and Michigan Central Station in Detroit, the tallest railway station in the world at the time of completion.

=Beaux-Arts architects in the United States

= In the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this style back to America. The following individuals, students of the

, are identified as creating work characteristic of the Beaux-Arts style within the United States: * Otto Eugene Adams * William A. Boring * William W. Bosworth * Arthur Brown Jr. * Daniel Burnham * Carrère and Hastings * James Edwin Ruthven Carpenter Jr. * Paul Philippe Cret * Edward Emmett Dougherty * Ernest Flagg * Robert W. Gibson * C. P. H. Gilbert * Cass Gilbert * Thomas Hastings (architect), Thomas Hastings * Raymond Hood * Henry Hornbostel * John Galen Howard * Richard Morris Hunt * Albert Kahn (architect), Albert Kahn * Charles Klauder * Ellamae Ellis League * Electus D. Litchfield * Austin W. Lord * Emmanuel Louis Masqueray * William Rutherford Mead * John E. Minott * Julia Morgan * Charles Follen McKim * Harry B. Mulliken * Kenneth MacKenzie Murchison * Henry Orth * Theodore Wells Pietsch I * Willis Polk * John Russell Pope * Reed and Stem * Arthur W. Rice, Arthur Wallace Rice * Henry Hobson Richardson * Francis Palmer Smith * Louis Sullivan * Edward Lippincott Tilton * Evarts Tracy of Tracy and Swartwout * Horace Trumbauer * Enock Hill Turnock * Whitney Warren * Stanford White Charles McKim, William Mead, and Stanford White would ultimately become partners in the prominent architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White, which designed many well-known Beaux-Arts buildings.

South America

Argentina

File:Palacio Obras.jpg, Palacio de Aguas Corrientes, Buenos Aires File:Buenos Aires Teatro Colon 2.jpg, Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires File:Congreso Nacional Buenos Aires.jpg, Palace of the Argentine National Congress, Buenos Aires File:WLM2013 PalacioCorreos (1).JPG, Kirchner Cultural Centre, Buenos Aires File:06. Tucuman (13), Casa de Gobierno.JPG, Tucumán Government Palace, San Miguel de Tucumán File:Casa de la Cultura, Buenos Aires.jpg, Buenos Aires House of Culture, Casa de la Cultura, Buenos Aires From 1880 the so-called Generation of '80 came to power in Argentine politics. These were admirers of France as a model republic, particularly with regard to culture and aesthetic tastes. Buenos Aires is a center of Beaux-Arts architecture which continued to be built as late as the 1950s.''Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture'', Stephen Sennott (ed.), p. 186
/ref>

=Beaux-Arts buildings in Argentina

= *1877–1894: Palacio de Aguas Corrientes, Buenos Aires *1889–1908: Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires *1889: (Argentine pavilion from the 1889 Paris Exposition Universelle (1889), Exposition Universelle), taken down and reconstructed in Buenos Aires (demolished in 1932) *1890: , Mar del Plata (the train station was closed in 1949, and was later damaged by fire. Although it was renovated, it is today much less adorned) *1894–1898: Buenos Aires House of Culture, Buenos Aires *1898–1906: Palace of the Argentine National Congress, Buenos Aires *1908–1910: , Mar del Plata (burned down in 1961) *1908–1928: Kirchner Cultural Centre, Buenos Aires *1926–1931: Buenos Aires City Legislature Palace, Buenos Aires *1908–1910: Tucumán Government Palace, San Miguel de Tucumán *1924–1929: Estrugamou Building, Buenos Aires

=Beaux-Arts architects in Argentina

= * Alejandro Bustillo * Julio Dormal * Gainza y Agote * Alejandro Christophersen * Eduardo Le Monnier * (later an exponent of rationalism) * Paul Pater * * * Carlos Thays (landscape architect)

Brazil

File:Casa Lebre - Vincenzo Pastore.jpg, Casa Lebre, São Paulo File:Casa Caetano de Campos, 02.JPG, Caetano de Campos House, São Paulo File:Palácio dos Campos Elísios.jpg, Palace of the Champs Elysees, São Paulo File:Teatro Municipal de São Paulo 8.jpg, Municipal Theater of São Paulo File:At Santos, Brazil 2017 380.jpg, Coliseu Santista Theater, Santos File:Palacete Tereza Toledo Lara 09.jpg, Tereza Toledo Lara Palace, São Paulo File:Image001 Anhangabau.jpg, Prates Mansions, São Paulo File:Palácio Tiradentes 2.JPG, Tiradentes Palace, Rio de Janeiro File:Palacete Helvetia 11.jpg, Helvetia Palace, São Paulo File:Edifício Alexandre Mackenzie 34.jpg, Alexandre Mackenzie Building, São Paulo

=Beaux-Arts buildings in Brazil

= * 1858: , São Paulo * 1890–1894: , São Paulo * 1896–1899: * 1903–1911: Theatro Municipal (São Paulo), Municipal Theater of São Paulo * 1909: , Santos, São Paulo * 1910: , São Paulo * 1911: * 1922–1926: Tiradentes Palace, Rio de Janeiro * 1923: , São Paulo * 1926–1929: , São Paulo * Artemis Hotel, São Paulo * Banco de São Paulo Building, São Paulo * Hôtel de La Rotisserie Sportsman, São Paulo * Mococa Building, São Paulo

Colombia

File:Av. Jiménez Palacio de San Francisco.JPG, Palacio de San Francisco, Bogotá File:CapitolioNacionalDeColombia2004-7.jpg, Capitolio nacional, Bogotá File:Palacio Echeverry 1.jpg, Palacio Echeverri, Bogotá File:Nariño BOGOTÁ - COLOMBIA.jpg, Casa de Nariño, Bogotá File:Bogotá Museo de la Policía.JPG, Museo de la Policía, Bogotá File:TeatroColon.jpg, Teatro Colón, Bogotá File:Bquilla - 17 ago 2007 200.jpg, Banco Dugand, Barranquilla File:Barranquilla Edificio Administración Aduana.jpg, Antigua Aduana, Barranquilla

Peru

File:Club Nacional en Lima.JPG, Club Nacional, Lima File:Casa Roosevelt o Edificio Rímac.jpg, Edificio Rímac, Lima File:Palacio Legislativo of Peru.jpg, Palacio Legislativo del Perú, Lima

=Beaux-Arts buildings in Peru

= *1855: Club Nacional, Lima *1906–1939: Legislative Palace (Peru), Legislative Palace, Lima *1919–1924: Edificio Rímac, Lima

Africa

Mozambique

File:Mercado Municipal (4107187974).jpg, Mercado Municipal, Maputo File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 8 6 - Casa Benoliel.jpg, Banco da Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 14 11 - Casa Infante de Sagres vista do Chiveve.jpg, Casa Infante de Sagres, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 4 55 - Edificio do Almoxarifado.jpg, Edifício do Almoxarifado, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 9 34 - Escola de Artes e Ofícios.jpg, Escola de Artes e Ofícios, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 10 46 - Grémio dos Empregados da Companhia de Moçambique.jpg, Palácio dos Desportos, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 10 50 - Edifício do Standard Bank.jpg, Standard Bank Building, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 9 22 - Edifício do Tribunal.jpg, Tribunal da Beira

=Beaux-Arts buildings in Mozambique

= * 1901?: Municipal Market, Maputo * 1933: Gil Vicente Theater, Maputo * Banco da Beira, Beira, Mozambique, Beira * Casa Ana, Beira * Casa Infante de Sagres, Beira * Edifício do Almoxarifado, Beira * Escola de Artes e Ofícios, Beira * Palácio dos Desportos, Beira * Standard Bank Building, Beira * Tribunal da Beira

Asia

Japan

File:Kobe yusen bld02 1920.jpg, Kobe Yusen Building, Kobe File:Mitsui Main Building 2009.jpg, Mitsui Main Building, Tokyo File:Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company Head Office 2016.jpg, Meiji Life Insurance Building, Tokyo

=Beaux-Arts buildings in Japan

= *1918: Kobe Yusen Building, Kobe *1926–1929: Mitsui Main Building, Tokyo *1930–1934: Meiji Life Insurance Building, Tokyo * Yokohama Yusen Building

Philippines

File:Central facade of the Legislative Building.jpg, Legislative building File:China Banking Corporation Building (Binondo).jpg, China bank Manila File:Regina Building Main Corner Facade.jpg, Regina Building, Manila File:Thomasian.jpg, University of Santo Tomas Main Building, Manila File:Nelly Garden.jpg, Lopez Mansion Iloilo File:0235jfSanta Cruz Escolta Binondo Streets Manila Heritage Landmarksfvf 02.JPG, Calvo Building, Manila File:Cebu Capitol Compund.jpg, Cebu Capitol File:El Hogar building Manila.jpg, El Hogar File:Mailajf9457 26.JPG, Don Roman Santos Building

=Beaux-Arts buildings in Philippines

= *1914: El Hogar Filipino Building, Escolta, Manila *1915: Regina Building, Escolta, Manila *1919: Jones Bridge, Ermita, Manila, Ermita and Binondo, Manila *1919: Luneta Hotel, Ermita, Manila *1924–1927: University of Santo Tomas Main Building, Sampaloc, Manila *1928: Natividad Building, Escolta, Manila *1938: Calvo Building, Escolta, Manila *Juan Luna Building *1919 Grand Cafe building Manila * Natalio Enriquez Mansion, Sariaya, Quezon * Filipinas Insurance co. building * Lizares Mansion, Iloilo City * National Museum of Anthropology (Manila) * National Museum of Natural History (Manila) * Manila City Hall * Manila Post office * Lingayen, Lingayen capitol * Negros Occidental, Negros Occidental capitol * Philippine General Hospital * 1911 Nurse's home, Philippine General hospital * Philippine Women's University * 1920 - La Salle Hall * 1916 Aduana de Iloilo * Batangas capitol * Sorsogon provincial capitol * Rizal Hall Manila * Casa Boix, Quiapo, Manila * Trinidad ancestral house, Iba, Zambales * Gawas harigi house, Carigara, Leyte

Oceania

Australia

File:Melbourne Flinders St. Station.jpg, Flinders Street railway station, Melbourne File:Perth CBD 200520 gnangarra-111.jpg, General Post Office, Perth File:(1)Commonwealth Bank Sydney-1.jpg, State Savings Bank building, Sydney File:Bank of New South Wales building seen from Reddacliff Place, Brisbane.jpg, Bank of New South Wales building, Brisbane Several Australian cities have some significant examples of the style. It was typically applied to large, solid-looking public office buildings and banks, particularly during the 1920s.

=Beaux-Arts buildings in Australia

= *1900–1910: Flinders Street railway station, Melbourne *1914–1923: General Post Office, Perth, General Post Office building, Forrest Place, Perth *1916: Perpetual Trustee Company Limited, Hunter Street, Sydney *1917: Former Mail Exchange Building, Melbourne *1920: National Theatre, Melbourne *1925–1928: State Savings Bank building, Commonwealth Bank building, Martin Place, Sydney *1926: Argus Building, La Trobe Street, Melbourne *1927: Emily McPherson College of Domestic Economy, Melbourne *1928–1930: Bank of New South Wales building, Brisbane, Bank of New South Wales building, Elizabeth Street, Brisbane *1928: Port Authority building, Melbourne *1928: Herald & Weekly Times Building, Flinders Street, Melbourne *1933: Commonwealth Bank building, Forrest Place, Perth

New Zealand

File:Auckland Old Railway Station.jpg, Former Auckland railway station, Auckland

=Beaux-Arts buildings in New Zealand

= *1928–1930: Auckland railway station, Auckland

References

Bibliography

* *a ddi

External links

New York architecture images, Beaux-Arts gallery

* [http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Hallidie_Building.html Hallidie Building] {{DEFAULTSORT:Beaux-Arts Architecture Beaux-Arts architecture, Architectural styles Neoclassical architecture Neoclassical movements Revival architectural styles 19th-century architectural styles 20th-century architectural styles