The Bayraktar UAV or Bayraktar UCAV is a family of
unmanned aerial vehicle
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or unmanned aircraft system (UAS), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft with no human pilot, crew, or passengers onboard, but rather is controlled remotely or is autonomous.De Gruyter Handbook of Dron ...
s designed and manufactured by Turkish company Baykar. The UAVs were developed for the
Turkish Armed Forces
The Turkish Armed Forces (TAF; , TSK) are the armed forces, military forces of the Turkey, Republic of Turkey. The TAF consist of the Turkish Army, Land Forces, the Turkish Navy, Naval Forces and the Turkish Air Force, Air Forces. The Chief of ...
from 2004 until the present. Some models are designed for surveillance and reconnaissance only, others are capable of tactical ground-strike missions. Baykar is also developing drones to counter other aerial systems. The word '' bayraktar'' means flag-bearer in Turkish.
Bayraktar Mini UAV
Bayraktar Mini UAV is a miniature UAV and the first UAV produced by Turkish company Baykar.
With the concept of short range day and night aerial
reconnaissance
In military operations, military reconnaissance () or scouting is the exploration of an area by military forces to obtain information about enemy forces, the terrain, and civil activities in the area of operations. In military jargon, reconnai ...
and
surveillance
Surveillance is the monitoring of behavior, many activities, or information for the purpose of information gathering, influencing, managing, or directing. This can include observation from a distance by means of electronic equipment, such as ...
applications, system design activities started in 2004. An initial prototype Bayraktar Mini A was developed in 2005, and following successful autonomous flight demonstrations, Baykar was awarded a contract to start series production by the Turkish Armed Forces. The first batch was composed of 19 aircraft and they were mainly deployed to the southeast parts of Turkey for use in counterterrorism operations.
After hundreds of hours of flight trials, the system was subjected to major modifications and improved versions were developed. As a result, Bayraktar Mini B was fielded and became operational in December 2007 to be initially operated by the
Turkish Armed Forces
The Turkish Armed Forces (TAF; , TSK) are the armed forces, military forces of the Turkey, Republic of Turkey. The TAF consist of the Turkish Army, Land Forces, the Turkish Navy, Naval Forces and the Turkish Air Force, Air Forces. The Chief of ...
. Due to its success in the region, the system was also exported to the Qatar Armed Forces in 2012. The development of the aircraft is being continued and the most recent version (Bayraktar MINI D) has twice the communication range and 3 times higher maximum altitude of its predecessors.
Bayraktar TB1
Bayraktar TB1 (or Bayraktar Çaldıran) is the prototype UAV made for the Tactical UAV program of the Undersecretariat for Defence Industries (''Savunma Sanayii Mustesarligi'' or ''SSM''; now the Presidency of Defense Industries) of Turkey, started in 2007. ''SSM'' invited two companies to compete for a prototype demonstration phase of the Tactical UAS Program. In 2009, Kale-Baykar, a joint venture between the Kale Group and Baykar Technologies, demonstrated Block A (named Bayraktar Çaldıran) with its dual redundant avionics system and fully autonomous takeoff and landing capability. The aircraft was selected as the winner of the program. While the contract was signed with the Presidency of Defense Industries for Bayraktar TB1s, these products were not delivered and remained as prototypes for Bayraktar Block 2s. Instead, serial production commenced with Bayraktar TB2.
Bayraktar TB2
Bayraktar TB2 is the serial production aircraft of the first tactical UAV of Baykar, Bayraktar TB1.
Baykar started to develop a new combat tactical aerial vehicle system on request of Presidency of Defense Industries, after the experiences of its first tactical UAV ''Bayraktar Çaldıran (TB1)'' flown in 2011. The Bayraktar TB2 conducted its maiden flight in August 2014. On 18 December 2015, a video was published for the missile test of Bayraktar TB2 in collaboration with ROKETSAN, testing Roketsan's MAM (Smart Micro Munition)s and TUBITAK-SAGE BOZOK
laser-guided bomb
A laser-guided bomb (LGB) is a guided bomb that uses semi-active laser guidance to strike a designated target with greater accuracy than an unguided bomb. First developed by the United States during the Vietnam War, laser-guided bombs quickly pro ...
s for the first time.
The Turkish Armed Forces describe Bayraktar as a "Tactical UAV Class" to avoid competition with the TAI Anka UAV, but international standards would classify it as a medium-altitude long-endurance UAV.
unmanned combat aerial vehicle
An unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV), also known as a combat drone, fighter drone or battlefield UAV, is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that is used for intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance and carries aircra ...
(UCAV) of Baykar.
The aircraft has a 5.5+ ton
maximum takeoff weight
The maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) or maximum gross takeoff weight (MGTOW) or maximum takeoff mass (MTOM) of an aircraft, also known as the maximum structural takeoff weight or maximum structural takeoff mass, is the maximum weight at which the p ...
(MTOW), with 1350+ kg of this composed of payload. Akıncı is equipped with two turboprop engines of 450 or 750 hp. Akinci is equipped with electronic support and countermeasure systems, dual
satellite communication
A communications satellite is an artificial satellite that relays and amplifies radio telecommunication signals via a transponder; it creates a communication channel between a source transmitter and a receiver at different locations on Earth. ...
The Bayraktar TB3 is a variant of the TB2 that is capable of landing on a ship deck. In February 2021, chairman of the Presidency of Defense Industries (SSB) Ismail Demir made public a new type of UAV being developed by Baykar that is planned to be stationed to Turkey's first drone-carrying
amphibious assault ship
An amphibious assault ship is a type of warship employed to land and support ground forces on enemy territory during an armed conflict. The design evolved from aircraft carriers converted for use as helicopter carriers (which, as a result, ar ...
, TCG ''Anadolu''. The new aircraft being developed is a naval version of the Bayraktar TB2, powered by an engine developed by Turkish company Tusaş Engine Industries (TEI). Demir said that between 30 and 50 folding-winged Bayraktar TB3 UAVs will be able to take off from and land on the deck of ''Anadolu''. Baykar's Chief Technology Officer (CTO) Selçuk Bayraktar said in 2021 that the initial flight of the Bayraktar TB3 was scheduled for 2022.
Bayraktar Kızılelma
Bayraktar Kızılelma (Red Apple) is a proposed supersonic jet-powered single-engined stealth carrier-capable unmanned combat aircraft in development in 2021, planned to fly for the first time in 2023.
According to data shared by the company, Bayraktar Kızılelma will have an operational altitude of , a take-off weight of 5.5 tons, a payload of 1.5 tons, and an ammunition carrying capacity of 1 ton.
Bayraktar VTOL
Bayraktar YIHA III
Bayraktar YIHA III is a low-cost
loitering munition
A loitering munition, also known as a suicide drone, kamikaze drone, or exploding drone, is a weapon with a warhead that is typically designed to Loiter (aeronautics), loiter until a target is designated, then crash into it.Precision-guided aerial weapon system co-developed by Pakistan’s National Aerospace Science and Technology Park (NASTP) and Turkey’s Baykar Technologies. Designed as a modern solution for asymmetric warfare, the YIHA III is engineered to engage high-value targets with minimal logistical footprint and reduced operational cost.
Ethiopia
Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Ken ...
, drone strikes in late 2023 mostly killed civilians, according to media reports. ''
BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world. The department is the world's largest broad ...
'' reported 30 to 40 people killed in a strike on Amhara Sayint district on 10 December. ''
Al Jazeera English
Al Jazeera English (AJE; , ) is a 24-hour English-language News broadcasting, news channel operating under Al Jazeera Media Network, which is funded by the government of Qatar. Al Jazeera introduced an English-language division in 2006. It is ...
'' obtained footage of a 30 November drone strike that killed five civilians, including hospital staff, near Delanta Primary Hospital in Wegel Tena. The footage showed "an ambulance ablaze with its roof caved in, consistent with a direct aerial hit.
PKK/YPG–Turkey conflict
Turkish military use TB-2 gained prominence in counterinsurgency operations against
Kurdistan Workers' Party
The Kurdistan Workers' Party, or the PKK, isDespite the PKK's 12th Congress announcing plans for total organisational dissolution, the PKK has not yet been dissolved de facto or de jure. a Kurds, Kurdish militant political organization and armed ...
(PKK) and
People's Protection Units
The People's Defense Units (YPG), also called People's Protection Units, is a libertarian socialist US-backed Kurds in Syria, Kurdish militant group in Syria and the primary component of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).
The YPG mostl ...
(YPG) positions across the border in Iraq and Syria. Turkey considers PKK and YPG to be terrorist organizations.
Libya
In June 2019, international news media reported that the Libyan, UN recognized,
Government of National Accord
The Government of National Accord (GNA; ) was an interim government for Libya that was formed under the terms of the Libyan Political Agreement, a United Nations–led initiative, signed on 17 December 2015. The agreement was unanimously endors ...
(GNA) used Bayraktar TB2s to strike an airbase held by General Haftar's
Libyan National Army
The Libyan National Army (LNA; , ''al-jaysh al-waṭaniyy al-Lībii''), also known as the Libyan Arab Army (LAA; , ''al-Jaysh al-'Arabiyy al-Lībii'') or the Libyan Arab Armed Forces (LAAF; ), is a component of Libyan Armed Forces, Libya's mil ...
(LNA). Despite the UN embargo on Libya's ongoing civil war, it is suspected that at least three Bayraktar TB2 UCAV were being used over Tripoli by the GNA government forces. On 6 June 2019, two GNA Bayraktar TB2 drones were destroyed along with an operation room by LNA attacks on Mitiga Airport. Video evidence shows at least one Bayraktar TB2 flying over Tripoli about to land at Mitiga's Military section, under control of GNA-allied forces.
Syria
In March 2020 Bayraktar TB2s, Anka-S UAVs and an array of Koralelectronic jammers were deployed and extensively used in coordinated action to strike Syrian Army targets on the ground during the Operation Spring Shield launched by Turkey following losses the Turkish forces incurred at the hands of the Russian forces in northwestern Syria at the end February 2020. The deployment was assessed by experts to be a success and a tactical game changer.
Azerbaijan and 2020 Nagorno Karabakh war
In June 2020 the Defence Minister of Azerbaijan,
Zakir Hasanov
Zakir Asger oghlu Hasanov (; born 6 June 1959) is an Azerbaijani politician and colonel general who has been the Ministry of Defence (Azerbaijan), Minister of Defence of Azerbaijan since 2013.
Early life and education
He was born on 6 June 1959 ...
, announced that Azerbaijan had decided to purchase Bayraktar drones from Turkey. During the
2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war
The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War was an armed conflict in 2020 that took place in the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding occupied territories. It was a major escalation of an unresolved conflict over the region, involvi ...
, Bayraktar TB2s were used against
Armed Forces of Armenia
The Armed Forces of the Republic of Armenia (, abbreviated ՀՀ ԶՈՒ, ''HH ZU''), sometimes referred to as the Armenian Army (), is the national military of Armenia. It consists of personnel branches under the General Staff of the Armenian Arme ...
with great success. Azerbaijan used TB-2s to destroy Armenian artillery, infantry positions and military vehicles including
BM-30 Smerch
The BM-30 ''Smerch'' (, 'whirlwind'), 9K58 Smerch or 9A52-2 Smerch-M is a heavy Self-propelled artillery, self-propelled 300 mm multiple rocket launcher designed in the Soviet Union to fire a full load of 12 solid-fuelled projectiles. The ...
T-72
The T-72 is a family of Soviet Union, Soviet main battle tanks that entered production in 1973. The T-72 was a development based on the T-64 using thought and design of the previous Object 167M. About 25,000 T-72 tanks have been built, and refu ...
BMP-1
The BMP-1 is a Soviet Union, Soviet Amphibious vehicle, amphibious tracked infantry fighting vehicle that has been in service from 1966 to the present. BMP stands for ''Boyevaya Mashina Pyekhoty 1'' (), meaning "infantry fighting vehicle, 1st ...
and
BMP-2
The BMP-2 (''Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty'', , literally "combat machine/vehicle f theinfantry") is an amphibious infantry fighting vehicle introduced in the 1980s in the Soviet Union, following on from the BMP-1 of the 1960s.
Development his ...
IFVs. Several Osa, Strela-10 and 5 S-300 air defense systems were also destroyed by TB2s.
Ukraine
As a part of its military modernization program, the
Armed Forces of Ukraine
The Armed Forces of Ukraine (AFU) are the Military, military forces of Ukraine. All military and security forces, including the Armed Forces, are under the command of the president of Ukraine and subject to oversight by a permanent Verkhovna Rad ...
acquired 12 Bayraktar TB2s in 2019. After successful use of the aircraft, the
Ukrainian Navy
The Ukrainian Navy (), is the Navy, maritime force of Ukraine and one of the eight Military branch, service branches of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
The naval forces consist of five components: surface forces, submarine forces, Ukrainian Naval ...
ordered 5 additional Bayraktar TB2s, reportedly delivered in 2020. Meanwhile, Turkish and Ukrainian officials announced the establishment of a joint venture to produce 48 additional Bayraktar TB2s in Ukraine.
Ukraine's Bayraktar TB2s were used extensively during the 2022 Russian invasion for surveillance of and attacks on Russian ground convoys. The drones played a significant role in deterring Russian advances in the early stages of the conflict.
Ukrainian Chief of General StaffValery Zaluzhny made available Bayraktar TB2 operation photographs on his Facebook account, including destruction of a Russian-made Buk Air Defense Missile System.
Operators
It has been reported that Baykar has exported its drones to 32 countries, as of September. Of these countries, there are 31 TB2 operators and 8 Akinci operators. 7 of the Akinci operators also use TB2 as well.
Some of the operators countries of the Baykar drones has not been publicly announced. The list of the known countries are as follows:
*:
** Bayraktar Mini UAV
** Bayraktar TB2
** Bayraktar Akıncı
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** Bayraktar Mini UAV
** Bayraktar TB2
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** Bayraktar TB2
** Bayraktar Akıncı
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** Bayraktar TB2
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** Bayraktar Mini UAV
** Bayraktar TB2
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** Bayraktar TB2
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** Bayraktar TB2
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** Bayraktar TB2
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** Bayraktar TB2
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** Bayraktar TB2
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** Bayraktar TB2
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** Bayraktar TB2
**Bayraktar Akıncı
**Bayraktar YIHA III
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**Bayraktar TB2
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**Bayraktar TB2
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**Bayraktar TB2
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**Bayraktar TB2
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**Bayraktar TB2
**Bayraktar YIHA III
Gallery
File:Bayraktar GCS Cutaway.jpg, Bayraktar GCS cutaway
File:Bayraktar Tactical UAS GCS.JPG, Bayraktar Ground Control Station
File:Baykar UAV Team.jpg, Baykar UAV Team