Bayors ( sv, baijorer or , Russian bayors), were a group of Russian noble families who had entered Swedish service in the late 16th–early 17th centuries and were incorporated into the Swedish nobility. The word is derived from Russian russian: бояринъ, bojarin '
boyar
A boyar or bolyar was a member of the highest rank of the Feudalism, feudal nobility in many Eastern European states, including Kievan Rus', Bulgarian Empire, Bulgaria, Russian nobility, Russia, Boyars of Moldavia and Wallachia, Wallachia and ...
' and in Swedish language of the early modern era it referred to all Russian noblemen.
[Пересветов–Мурат, ‘Из Ростова…’]
Of these, the most notable were the families:
*
Rosladin ()
* Baranoff ()
*
Aminoff
The Aminoff family ( rus, Аминовы/Аминевы) is a Swedish-Finnish noble family of Russian origin ("Russian bayors").
Overview
The family originated with boyars from Veliky Novgorod and hails from the clan of Ratsha, a court servant ...
(, branches later re-introduced in Russia as )
* Kalitin/Callentin ()
* Butterlin (,
Buturlin Buturlin, feminine: Buturlina (russian: Бутурли́н, Бутурлина) is a Russian surname of a Russian noble . Notable people with this surname include:
* Alexander Buturlin (1694–1767), a Russian general
* Anna Artemevna Buturlina ( ...
)
* Zebotaioff/Sabotaioff (, ''not'' etc.), one branch later known as
Apolloff (, ''not'' Аполловъ etc.)
*
Pereswetoff-Morath Pereswetoff-Morath (; russian: Пересветов-Мурат or just ) is a Swedish nobility, Swedish noble family of Russian origin, one of the so-called ''russian bayors, bayor'' families. Varyingly traced to the Beatification, Blessed Alexande ...
( (, ''not'' ))
* Clementeoff () https://www.adelsvapen.com/genealogi/Clementeoff_nr_1956 (wrong coat-of-arms in the picture above)
* Nassokin (, ''not'' ) https://www.adelsvapen.com/genealogi/Nassokin_nr_740 (wrong coat-of-arms in the picture)
* Golawitz ()
* Rubzoff (; originally not a noble family but of Smolensk ''posadskie liudi''),
which were all immatriculated ('introduced') at the
Swedish House of Nobility
The House of Nobility ( sv, Riddarhuset) in Stockholm, Sweden, is a corporation and a building that maintains records and acts as an interest group on behalf of the Swedish nobility.
Name
The name is literally translated as ''House of Knights'', ...
(for their immatriculation numbers, see the
List of Swedish noble families
This is a list of Swedish noble families, which are divided into two main groups:
* Introduced nobility, i.e. noble families introduced at the Swedish House of Nobility
* Unintroduced nobility, i.e. noble families which have not been introduced at ...
). In 1818, those families resident east of the
Bothnian were similarly immatriculated at the
Finnish House of Nobility
The House of Nobility either refers to the institution of the Finnish nobility or the palace of the noble estate. The Finnish nobility was until 1906 the first of the four estates of the realm.
The Estate
The estate of nobility existed fully st ...
, then in the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland (compare the
List of Finnish noble families
The following is the list of Finnish noble families, that have been introduced to the Finnish House of Nobility. There are 357 such families, of which 148 still are alive. Still existing families include four with title of count and 25 with title o ...
). The
coats-of-arms
A coat of arms is a heraldic visual design on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the latter two being outer garments). The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement, which in its wh ...
granted by the kings of Sweden almost invariably allude to military prowess and tend to include weaponry which was regarded as '
Muscovite
Muscovite (also known as common mica, isinglass, or potash mica) is a hydrated phyllosilicate mineral of aluminium and potassium with formula K Al2(Al Si3 O10)( F,O H)2, or ( KF)2( Al2O3)3( SiO2)6( H2O). It has a highly perfect basal cleavage ...
' (
sabre
A sabre ( French: sabʁ or saber in American English) is a type of backsword with a curved blade associated with the light cavalry of the early modern and Napoleonic periods. Originally associated with Central European cavalry such as th ...
s,
bows and arrows
The bow and arrow is a ranged weapon system consisting of an elastic launching device (bow) and long-shafted projectiles (arrows). Humans used bows and arrows for hunting and aggression long before recorded history, and the practice was common t ...
,
maces; sometimes ‘tamed’ or ‘Swedicised’ by the crown within which they are crossed), mounted warriors and ‘northern’ animals. Of particular importance as a model, was the coat-of-arms of the Aminoffs.
During the seventeenth century, most of the ''bayor'' families were closely associated with the province of
Ingria
Ingria is a historical region in what is now northwestern European Russia. It lies along the southeastern shore of the Gulf of Finland, bordered by Lake Ladoga on the Karelian Isthmus in the north and by the River Narva on the border with Est ...
, where they were supposed to constitute a part of the ruling class that might be more acceptable to the Orthodox, to a large extent Russian, population than was the Lutheran Swedish and German nobility. Simultaneously, however, the ''bayors'' were expected to raise their sons as good Lutherans in order to retain an 'eligibility' to offices in the state and in the army.
This fact led to nearly full integration into the Swedish nobility by the end of the seventeenth century, although at home, and especially among the women, Orthodoxy and syncreticism may still have been fairly widespread. The ''bayor'' families practiced
endogamy
Endogamy is the practice of marrying within a specific social group, religious denomination, caste, or ethnic group, rejecting those from others as unsuitable for marriage or other close personal relationships.
Endogamy is common in many cultu ...
to a large extent in the 17th century, which might have allowed Russian traditions to live on ‘at home’ but show increasingly less outwardly. This is to be contrasted with the state of affairs in ''c''.1640 when almost all ''bayors'' would have regarded – and showed – themselves as Orthodox, as the elderly still did in the 1660s. Till the mid-century they frequently interceded for the protection of Orthodox institutions.
[Pereswetoff-Morath, ‘“Receptacula…’] The French Ingrian family Barohn, several of whose members spoke Russian and were used as interpreters, was occasionally added to the group on a par with the ‘true’ ''bayors''.
Especially in the early decades of Swedish
Ingria
Ingria is a historical region in what is now northwestern European Russia. It lies along the southeastern shore of the Gulf of Finland, bordered by Lake Ladoga on the Karelian Isthmus in the north and by the River Narva on the border with Est ...
, there were also, at a social level higher than the peasantry but below the ''bayors'' by far: the Russian townspeople of the city of
Ivangorod
Ivangorod ( rus, Иванго́род, p=ɪvɐnˈɡorət; et, Jaanilinn; vot, Jaanilidna) is a town in Kingiseppsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the east bank of the Narva river which flows along the Estonia–Russia inte ...
and the townships of
Jama
''The Journal of the American Medical Association'' (''JAMA'') is a peer-reviewed medical journal published 48 times a year by the American Medical Association. It publishes original research, reviews, and editorials covering all aspects of biom ...
,
Caporie and
Nöteborg, with some particularly well-off individuals (e.g. of the families Babin, Lebed, and Belous); the Orthodox clergy; the Russian so-called 'half' ''bayors'', sv, half-baijorer; and a very small group of
Tatar
The Tatars ()[Tatar]
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different warriors. (The last two groups soon disappear from sight.)
A measure of their integration with Sweden may be had from a glance at the considerable number of officers from the ''bayor'' families who fought in the Swedish armies during the
Great Northern War
The Great Northern War (1700–1721) was a conflict in which a coalition led by the Tsardom of Russia successfully contested the supremacy of the Swedish Empire in Northern, Central and Eastern Europe. The initial leaders of the anti-Swedi ...
(1700–1721), mainly on the Baltic front Notice that the Nassokins and Baranoffs derived from an earlier, pre-Ingrian, layer of ''bayors'' and had for all practical purposes lost their Russian cultural identity, living, as they did, in
Livonia
Livonia ( liv, Līvõmō, et, Liivimaa, fi, Liivinmaa, German and Scandinavian languages: ', archaic German: ''Liefland'', nl, Lijfland, Latvian and lt, Livonija, pl, Inflanty, archaic English: ''Livland'', ''Liwlandia''; russian: Ли ...
and
Finland
Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of B ...
; the Swedish
Rosladins, the
Butterlins and the Zebotaioffs of the name were already extinct on the male line at the time. The officers were:
* Corporal in the Drabant corps
Adam Johan Aminoff, † 1702
Klissow
* Captain, later Major,
Carl Johan Aminoff
* Captain of the Guard
Christoffer Henrik Aminoff, † 1709
Poltava
Poltava (, ; uk, Полтава ) is a city located on the Vorskla River in central Ukraine. It is the capital city of the Poltava Oblast (province) and of the surrounding Poltava Raion (district) of the oblast. Poltava is administratively ...
* Lieutenant, later Major,
Detlof Fredrik Aminoff, prisoner
Perevolochna 1709
* Captain, later Major, Esaias Aminoff, prisoner
Perevolochna 1709
* Lieutenant, later Captain,
Georg Aminoff, prisoner
Viborg 1710
* Captain, later Lieutenant-Colonel, Gregori Aminoff, prisoner
Perevolochna 1709
* Ensign, later Captain, Gregori Aminoff
* Lieutenant, later
General-in-Chief
General in Chief has been a military rank or title in various armed forces around the world.
France
In France, general-in-chief (french: général en chef) was first an informal title for the lieutenant-general commanding over others lieutenant- ...
in Finland,
Henrik Johan Aminoff (1680-1758), prisoner while carrying message from
Lesnaya to the king 1708
* Colonel Joachim Aminoff
* Captain, later Major, Johan Aminoff, prisoner
Dünamünde 1710
* Drabant Peter Aminoff
* Captain, later Lieutenant-Colonel,
Stephan Gustaf Aminoff, prisoner
Narva 1704. Died a Russian prisoner 1742 after again having been made POW 1741 at
Villmanstrand
Lappeenranta (; sv, Villmanstrand) is a city and municipality in the region of South Karelia, about from the Russian border and from the town of Vyborg (''Viipuri''). It is situated on the shore of the Lake Saimaa in southeastern Finland, and ...
.
* Commandant of
Viborg, Colonel Zacharias Aminoff, † 1710
Viborg.
* Captain, later Major, Gregori Apolloff,
* Ensign Herman Reinhold Apolloff, † 1710 in the plague.
* Commandant of
Nyenskans
Nyenschantz (russian: Ниенша́нц, ''Nienshants''; sv, Nyenskans; fi, Nevanlinna) was a Swedish fortress at the confluence of the Neva River and Okhta River, the site of present-day Saint Petersburg, Russia. Nyenschantz was built in 1611 ...
, Colonel Johan
Apolloff, prisoner in
Narva 1704, † 1706 in Russia
* Lieutenant Magnus Johan Apolloff, †
1704 Narva
* Ensign Reinhold Gustaf Apolloff, prisoner
1713 Tönning
* Commandant at
Caporie, Captain Wasili
Apolloff, † 1709
Viborg * Ensign Zacharias Fredrik Apolloff, prisoner 1710
Viborg
* Lieutenant Carl Fredrik Baranoff
* Lieutenant Detlof Johan Baranoff
* Captain Fredrik Baranoff
* Lieutenant Georg Christoffer Baranoff
* Lieutenant, later Major, Georg Johan Baranoff, prisoner
Perevolochna 1709
* Lieutenant Gotthard Fredrik Baranoff, prisoner
1708 Lesnaya, returned (escaped?) 1709, † 1718 during the campaign in Norway
* Captain Johan Baranoff
* Lieutenant Magnus Reinhold Baranoff, prisoner
Narva 1704, † 1715 in Russia.
* Lieutenant Casimir Johan Clementeoff, prisoner 1702 Poritz in
Ingria
Ingria is a historical region in what is now northwestern European Russia. It lies along the southeastern shore of the Gulf of Finland, bordered by Lake Ladoga on the Karelian Isthmus in the north and by the River Narva on the border with Est ...
* Captain Fredrik Clementeoff
* Captain Wollmar Fredrik Clementeoff, prisoner
Viborg 1710
* Ensign Lorentz Kalitin
* Captain, later Lieutenant-Colonel, Magnus Fredrik Kalitin, prisoner
Narva 1704.
* Aid-de-champ, later Drabant and Major, Simon Adolf Kalitin, prisoner
Perevolochna 1709.
* Ensign Casimir Kalitin, †
1700 Ivangorod.
* Lieutenant, later Captain, Daniel Kalitin, prisoner
Viborg 1710
* Ensign Adam Johan Nassokin, took leave 1701
* Ensign Axel Gotthard Nassokin, †
1700 Narva.
* Ensign Carl Fromhold Nassokin
* Captain Carl Fromhold Nassokin
* Captain Claes Johan Nassokin, † 1709
Poltava
Poltava (, ; uk, Полтава ) is a city located on the Vorskla River in central Ukraine. It is the capital city of the Poltava Oblast (province) and of the surrounding Poltava Raion (district) of the oblast. Poltava is administratively ...
* Captain at the Admiralty Georg Henrik Nassokin
* Lieutenant Gotthard Nassokin, d. 1712
* Captain, later Major, Magnus Henrik Nassokin, prisoner
Perevolochna 1709
* Captain Magnus Johan Nassokin, took leave for old age 1703
* Ensign Nils Nassokin, † 1702
Hummelshof
* Lieutenant Peter Nassokin, prisoner
Perevolochna 1709
* Lieutenant, later Captain, Peter Johan Nassokin, prisoner
Jakobstadt 1704
* Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander
Pereswetoff-Morath Pereswetoff-Morath (; russian: Пересветов-Мурат or just ) is a Swedish nobility, Swedish noble family of Russian origin, one of the so-called ''russian bayors, bayor'' families. Varyingly traced to the Beatification, Blessed Alexande ...
, † 1709
Viborg
* Captain, later Major, Alexander
Pereswetoff-Morath Pereswetoff-Morath (; russian: Пересветов-Мурат or just ) is a Swedish nobility, Swedish noble family of Russian origin, one of the so-called ''russian bayors, bayor'' families. Varyingly traced to the Beatification, Blessed Alexande ...
, prisoner
Narva 1704, escaped 1712; made a knight of the
Order of the Sword
The Royal Order of the Sword (officially: ''Royal Order of the Sword''; Swedish: ''Kungliga Svärdsorden'') is a Swedish order of chivalry and military decoration created by King Frederick I of Sweden on February 23, 1748, together with the Or ...
for bravery in the battle of
Villmanstrand
Lappeenranta (; sv, Villmanstrand) is a city and municipality in the region of South Karelia, about from the Russian border and from the town of Vyborg (''Viipuri''). It is situated on the shore of the Lake Saimaa in southeastern Finland, and ...
1741
* Colonel, later Major-General, Carl
Pereswetoff-Morath Pereswetoff-Morath (; russian: Пересветов-Мурат or just ) is a Swedish nobility, Swedish noble family of Russian origin, one of the so-called ''russian bayors, bayor'' families. Varyingly traced to the Beatification, Blessed Alexande ...
, prisoner
Narva 1704
* Lieutenant, later Lieutenant-Colonel Carl Gustaf
Pereswetoff-Morath Pereswetoff-Morath (; russian: Пересветов-Мурат or just ) is a Swedish nobility, Swedish noble family of Russian origin, one of the so-called ''russian bayors, bayor'' families. Varyingly traced to the Beatification, Blessed Alexande ...
; made a knight of the
Order of the Sword
The Royal Order of the Sword (officially: ''Royal Order of the Sword''; Swedish: ''Kungliga Svärdsorden'') is a Swedish order of chivalry and military decoration created by King Frederick I of Sweden on February 23, 1748, together with the Or ...
for bravery in the battle of
Villmanstrand
Lappeenranta (; sv, Villmanstrand) is a city and municipality in the region of South Karelia, about from the Russian border and from the town of Vyborg (''Viipuri''). It is situated on the shore of the Lake Saimaa in southeastern Finland, and ...
1741
* Major Gustaf
Pereswetoff-Morath Pereswetoff-Morath (; russian: Пересветов-Мурат or just ) is a Swedish nobility, Swedish noble family of Russian origin, one of the so-called ''russian bayors, bayor'' families. Varyingly traced to the Beatification, Blessed Alexande ...
, †
1704 Narva
*
Narva 1700 appears not to have been a
Pereswetoff-Morath Pereswetoff-Morath (; russian: Пересветов-Мурат or just ) is a Swedish nobility, Swedish noble family of Russian origin, one of the so-called ''russian bayors, bayor'' families. Varyingly traced to the Beatification, Blessed Alexande ...
despite frequent claims to the contrary.]
* Captain, later Major, Alexander Rubzoff, prisoner Battle of Poltava, Poltava 1709
* Lieutenant, later Captain, Carl Gustaf Rubzoff, prisoner
Narva 1704[Adam Lewenhaupt, ''Karl XII:s officerare. Biografiska anteckningar'', vols 1–2, Stockholm 1920–21]
In several cases on the Baltic front, more than one ''bayor'' descendant might be found in the same detachment. Thus in the cavalry regiment of Colonel Carl Pereswetoff-Morath in Ingria we find the Captain Stephan Aminoff, the Lieutenant Carl Gustaf Rubzoff, and a Corporal Alexander Pereswetoff-Morath along with Major von Rohr, an Ingrian nobleman of German parentage.
Among families which, for one reason or other, are not as regularly counted among the ''bayors'' we find the Homutoffs (Хомутовъ), the Carpofskis (Карповскiй), and the Luhmenoffs (Лугмѣновъ). The first two would doubtless have been among the most central ones had they not been extinguished on the male line before immatriculation. Several individual noblemen who had no issue or who were soon repatriated to Russia could be similarly referred to as ‘bayors’ in the 17th century.
At the present time, there seem to be living representatives only of the Aminoffs and the Pereswetoff-Moraths (and possibly, although apparently no longer in Scandinavia, the Kalitins).{{cn, , date=October 2019
References
* Aminoff, B.
. ‘Ur ingermanländska handlingar’, in: ''Genos: tidskrift utgiven av genealogiska samfundet i Finland'', vol. 4 (1933) http://www.genealogia.fi/genos/4/4_20.htm.
* Aminoff, B. H., ''Släkten Aminoff'', Ekenäs 1978.
* Arseniew, S., ‘Svenska adliga ätter med rysk härstamning’, in: ''Personhistorisk tidskrift'', no. 1 (1898/9) (http://runeberg.org/pht/1899/0136.html).
*
Gustaf Elgenstierna
Gustaf Magnus Elgenstierna (August 26, 1871 – March 21, 1948) was a Swedish historian and genealogist.
Biography
He was born on August 26, 1871, to Carl Elgenstierna and Evelina Petersohn. He married Clara Sandberg in 1908. She was the daugh ...
, ''Den introducerade svenska adelns ättartavlor'', vols 1–9, Stockholm 1925–36.
* Lewenhaupt, A., ''Karl XII:s officerare. Biografiska anteckningar'', vols 1–2, Stockholm 1920–21.
* Lind, J. H., ‘De ingermanlandske «Ryss-Bajorer»: Deres sociale og genealogiske baggrund’, in: ''Gentes Finlandiae'', vol. 6, 1984.
* Pereswetoff-Morath, A., ‘ “Otiosorum hominum receptacula”: Orthodox Religious Houses in Ingria, 1615–52’, Scando-Slavica, vol. 49, 2003.
* Tengström, L. ''“Muschoviten - Turcken icke olijk”: ryssattribut, och deras motbilder, i svensk heraldik från Gustav Vasa till freden i Stolbova'', vol. 2, Jyväskylä 1997.
* Vuorimies, H., ‘Kuka oli luutnantti Jöran Moras?’, in: ''Genos: tidskrift utgiven av genealogiska samfundet i Finland'', vol. 67 (1996) http://www.genealogia.fi/genos/67/67_12.htm.
* ‘П.Б.’, ‘О Русскихъ фамиліяхъ въ Шведскомъ Дворянствѣ’, in: ''Сѣверный архивъ'', no. 4 (1827). [''Note that this article introduced – largely erroneous – Swedish material and does not constitute any form of ‘Russian corroboration’ of the genealogical notions then flourishing in Sweden regarding these families.'']
* Пересветов-Мурат, А. И., ‘Из Ростова в Ингерманландию: М.А. Пересветов и другие русские ''baijor'' 'ы’, in: ''Новгородский исторический сборник'', vol. 7 (17), 1999 http://norroen.info/articles/peresvetov/bajors.html.
See also
*
List of Swedish noble families
This is a list of Swedish noble families, which are divided into two main groups:
* Introduced nobility, i.e. noble families introduced at the Swedish House of Nobility
* Unintroduced nobility, i.e. noble families which have not been introduced at ...
*
Swedish nobility
The Swedish nobility ( sv, Adeln eller Ridderskapet och Adeln) has historically been a legally and/or socially privileged class in Sweden, and part of the so-called ''frälse'' (a derivation from Old Swedish meaning ''free neck''). The archaic term ...
*
Russian nobility
The Russian nobility (russian: дворянство ''dvoryanstvo'') originated in the 14th century. In 1914 it consisted of approximately 1,900,000 members (about 1.1% of the population) in the Russian Empire.
Up until the February Revolution ...
Swedish nobility
Ingria
Russian nobility