Baurchuk Art Tekin (; known also as ''Idikut Baurchuk'', ''Idikut Barchuq'') was a ruler, with a title of Idiqut ("Lord of happiness"), of the
Qocho
Qocho (), also known as Idiqut, ("holy wealth"; "glory"; "lord of fortune") was a Uyghur kingdom created in 843, with strong Chinese Buddhist and Tocharian influences. It was founded by Uyghur refugees fleeing the destruction of the Uyghur Kh ...
in
Beshbalik (near present-day
Ürümqi
Ürümqi ( ; also spelled Ürümchi or without umlauts), formerly known as Dihua (also spelled Tihwa), is the capital of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the far northwest of the People's Republic of China. Ürümqi developed its ...
, China),
Kara-Khoja (near present-day
Turpan
Turpan (also known as Turfan or Tulufan, , ug, تۇرپان) is a prefecture-level city located in the east of the autonomous region of Xinjiang, China. It has an area of and a population of 632,000 (2015).
Geonyms
The original name of the cit ...
, China, known also as ''Idikut''-''Shahri''),
Kumul,
Kucha
Kucha, or Kuche (also: ''Kuçar'', ''Kuchar''; ug, كۇچار, Кучар; zh, t= 龜茲, p=Qiūcí, zh, t=庫車, p=Kùchē; sa, कूचीन, translit=Kūcīna), was an ancient Buddhist kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road ...
and
Karasahr
Karasahr or Karashar ( ug, قاراشەھەر, Qarasheher, 6=Қарашәһәр), which was originally known, in the Tocharian languages as ''Ārśi'' (or Arshi) and Agni or the Chinese derivative Yanqi ( zh, s=焉耆, p=Yānqí, w=Yen-ch'i), is an ...
between 1208 and 1235. As a result of his policies, Uyghuria joined the
Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous land empire in history. Originating in present-day Mongolia in East Asia, the Mongol Empire at its height stretched from the Sea of Japan to parts of Eastern Europe, ...
as its fifth Ulus (district) in 1211.
In 1209, Baurchuk sparked a rebellion against the
Western Liao dynasty, who had forced the Uyghurs into paying tribute. He killed the Gurkhan's
envoy
Envoy or Envoys may refer to:
Diplomacy
* Diplomacy, in general
* Envoy (title)
* Special envoy, a type of diplomatic rank
Brands
*Airspeed Envoy, a 1930s British light transport aircraft
*Envoy (automobile), an automobile brand used to sell Br ...
Shaukam and sent an embassy to
Genghis Khan
''Chinggis Khaan'' ͡ʃʰiŋɡɪs xaːŋbr />Mongol script: ''Chinggis Qa(gh)an/ Chinggis Khagan''
, birth_name = Temüjin
, successor = Tolui (as regent)Ögedei Khan
, spouse =
, issue =
, house = Borjigin
, ...
, asking for his help. The Mongol ruler accepted Baurchuk's deputation and pledged his support.
During the following year or two, Baurchuk mounted military expeditions against ''
Naimans
The Naiman ( Mongolian: Найман, Naiman, "eight"; ; Kazakh: Найман, Naiman; Uzbek: Nayman) were a medieval tribe originating in the territory of modern Western Mongolia (possibly during the time of the Uyghur Khaganate), and are one o ...
'' and killed four sons of their ruler
Dayan Khan
Dayan Khan ( mn, Даян Хаан; Mongol script: ; ), born Batumöngke ( mn, Батмөнх; ), (1472–1517) was a khagan of the Northern Yuan dynasty, reigning from 1479 to 1517. During his rule, he reunited the Mongols under Chinggisid sup ...
. After this show of loyalty to Genghis Khan, he was received by the latter in modern-day
Mongolia
Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...
(1211), married his daughter
Altun Begi and was declared by Genghis Khan to be his fifth son, after
Jochi
Jochi Khan ( Mongolian: mn, Зүчи, ; kk, Жошы, Joşy جوشى; ; crh, Cuçi, Джучи, جوچى; also spelled Juchi; Djochi, and Jöchi c. 1182– February 1227) was a Mongol army commander who was the eldest son of Temüjin (aka G ...
,
Chagatay,
Ögedei and
Tolui
Tolui (also Toluy, Tului; , meaning: "the mirror"; – 1232) was a Mongol khan, the fourth son of Genghis Khan by his chief khatun, Börte. At his father's death in 1227, his ''Orda (organization), ulus'', or territorial inheritance, was the ...
.
In September 1219, Baurchuk joined Genghis Khan in an attack against the
Khwarezmian Empire
The Khwarazmian or Khwarezmian Empire) or the Khwarazmshahs ( fa, خوارزمشاهیان, Khwārazmshāhiyān) () was a Turko-Persian Sunni Muslim empire that ruled large parts of present-day Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Iran in the appr ...
, personally commanding 10,000 ''tuman'' troops and taking part in the siege of
Otrar
Otrar or Utrar ( kk, Отырар, ''Otyrar'', otəˈɾɑɾ otk, 𐰚𐰭𐱃𐰺𐰢𐰣, Keŋü Tarman), also called Farab, is a Central Asian ghost town that was a city located along the Silk Road in Kazakhstan. Otrar was an important town ...
and
Nishapur
Nishapur or officially Romanized as Neyshabur ( fa, ;Or also "نیشاپور" which is closer to its original and historic meaning though it is less commonly used by modern native Persian speakers. In Persian poetry, the name of this city is wr ...
(razed to ground by Mongols). In the spring of 1226, he took an active part in the two-year Mongol expedition against the
Western Xia
The Western Xia or the Xi Xia (), officially the Great Xia (), also known as the Tangut Empire, and known as ''Mi-nyak''Stein (1972), pp. 70–71. to the Tanguts and Tibetans, was a Tangut-led Buddhist imperial dynasty of China tha ...
led by Genghis Khan himself and completed in almost full annihilation of the
Tangut people
The Tangut people ( Tangut: , ''mjɨ nja̱'' or , ''mji dzjwo''; ; ; mn, Тангуд) were a Tibeto-Burman tribal union that founded and inhabited the Western Xia dynasty. The group initially lived under Tuyuhun authority, but later submitted t ...
, who were declared to be responsible for Genghis Khan's death under the walls of besieged Tangut capital, in September, 1227. Baurchuk's participation in the expedition for destruction of the Tangut state was motivated not only by his obligations as ally of the Mongols, but also by the enmity that existed between the Tanguts and the Uyghurs since the destruction of the
Buddhist
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
/
Manichaean
Manichaeism (;
in New Persian ; ) is a former major religionR. van den Broek, Wouter J. Hanegraaff ''Gnosis and Hermeticism from Antiquity to Modern Times''SUNY Press, 1998 p. 37 founded in the 3rd century AD by the Parthian Empire, Parthian ...
Uyghur Kingdom in
Gansu
Gansu (, ; alternately romanized as Kansu) is a province in Northwest China. Its capital and largest city is Lanzhou, in the southeast part of the province.
The seventh-largest administrative district by area at , Gansu lies between the Tibet ...
(848–1036) two centuries before, during the Uyghur-Tangut war of 1028–1036, followed by mass killings of its inhabitants. The population of the Western Xia was reduced from around 3,000,000 people to less than one hundred thousand, which eventually had been assimilated by other ethnic groups, mostly of Mongolic,
Turkic and
Tibetan
Tibetan may mean:
* of, from, or related to Tibet
* Tibetan people, an ethnic group
* Tibetan language:
** Classical Tibetan, the classical language used also as a contemporary written standard
** Standard Tibetan, the most widely used spoken dial ...
origins.
The present
Tungan (Hui) people of autonomous Ningxia region can be considered as descendants of the Tangut people. The name ''Ningxia'' in Chinese means "Tranquillized or Quelled Xia".
Descendants of Baurchuk
*（月仙帖木兒/yuèxiān tièmùér）
**Barǰuq art tigin（巴而朮阿而忒的斤/bāérzhú āértè dejīn,بارجق/bārjūq）(1209-1235)
***（کیشماین/kīshmāīn）(1235-1245)
***（سالندی/sālandī）(1245-1255)
***（玉古倫赤的斤/yùgǔlúnchì dejīn,اوکنج/ūknchī）(1255-1257)
****（馬木剌的斤/mǎmùlà dejīn）(1257-1266)
*****（火赤哈兒的斤/huǒchìhāér dejīn）(1266-1276)
******（紐林的斤/niǔlín dejīn）(1276-1318)
*******（帖睦爾普化/tièmùěr pǔhuà）?-1327)
********（不答失里/bùdáshīlǐ）?
*********Qošang（和賞/héshǎng）?
*******（籛吉/jiānjí）(?-1331)
*******（太平奴/tàipíngnú）(1331-1335)
*******？（月魯帖木兒/yuèlǔ tièmùér）……Father is unknown.(1335-1353)
********Sangga（桑哥/sānggē）?
******Qipčaqtai（欽察台/qīnchátái）?
******Il yïγmïš begi（也立亦黒迷失別吉/yělì yìhēimíshī biéjí）?
******Sösök tigin（雪雪的斤/xuěxuě dejīn）?
*******Dorǰi tigin（朵兒的斤/duǒér dejīn）?
********（伯顏不花的斤/bǎiyán bùhuā dejīn）?
[Louis Hambis (1954). Le chapitre CVIII du Yuan che : les fiefs attribués aux membres de la famille impériale et aux ministres de la cour mongole d'après l'histoire chinoise officielle de la dynastie mongole. Monographies du Tʿoung pao, v. 3. Tableau11,généalogie de ouigours et les gengiskhanides]
Notes
References
*Brose, Michael C. ''Subjects and Masters: Uyghurs in the Mongol Empire'' Bellingham, WA: Western Washington University Center for East Asian Studies, 2007.
*Kutlukov, M. "Mongol Rule in Eastern Turkestan". Moscow, Nauka, 1970.
Uyghurs
Generals of the Mongol Empire
13th-century rulers in Asia
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