Background
After the Ming dynasty conquered Dai Viet in 1407, a series of successive uprisings occurred, culminating in the Lam Sơn uprising led by Lê Lợi. Originating in Thanh Hoa in 1418, the revolt gradually achieved success, and by 1426 the province of Nghệ An and most lands south of it had fallen under rebel control. With this, the Lam Sơn rebels shifted their attention to the north, where the Ming still controlled territory.Prelude
Le Loi's forces began advancing north. By November, general Lý Triện's forward detachments had arrived near Đông Quan. The Ming garrison assumed that this was the main Lam Sơn army, and went out to confront them near Ninh Kiều. The Ming were defeated, suffering 2000 casualties. Three days after the initial engagement, another engagement occurred at the Nhân Mục bridge, in which another thousand Ming soldiers reportedly became casualties. The deteriorating situation forced generals Li An and Fang Zheng to withdraw their forces from Nghe An by sea and general Ma Ying to redeploy forces in order to rescue Đông Quan, as reinforcements from Yunnan had been ambushed by Trịnh Khả and fled to the citadel of Tam Giang. Together, these forces bolstered the garrison of Đông Quan.Battle
In early December, Wang Tong led his armies out of the citadel of Dong Quan in order to attack the Lam Son rebels. They split into three wings to attack from multiple directions. Ly Trien's forces skirmished with one, and feigned a retreat past the Tam La bridge, an area filled with mud and rice paddies. The Ming were bogged down and ambushed, with Vietnamese sources claiming that a thousand were killed and five hundred captured. On the 6th, Ly Trien's forces moved forward, but the Ming had set an ambush, setting up spiked bamboo barricades. The war elephants of the rebels trod on these spikes and stampeded, causing a temporary retreat. Lý Triện and Đố Bí pulled back, requesting reinforcements. The request was received by formations under the command of Nguyen Xi, Truong Chien and Dinh Le, who dispatched 3000 men as reinforcements and 2 war elephants. Several Ming spies were caught, and the generals discovered that Wang Tong was stationed in Ninh Kiều, planning to secretly position troops behind the small Lam Son force while crossing the river with the main body. The plan was that upon hearing enemy weapons fire, the entire Ming force would concentrate its arrows upon the enemy formation and attack. However, Đinh Lễ and Lý Triện discovered this, and ordered their troops to remain silent and not move. Due to this, the Ming assumed there were no nearby enemies, and took a shortcut. The Ming walked into an ambush near the Yên Duyệt River, in which the Lam Son forces suddenly emerged and advanced into the villages of Tột Động and Chúc Động, surprising and routing the Ming forces who attempted to flee across the river. Thousands were killed in the melee, and many more reportedly drowned, with Vietnamese sources claiming that 50000 Ming soldiers died along with 10000 being captured as prisoners of war. Wang Tong himself was wounded, and fled with Ma Qi back to Dong Quan.Aftermath
The battle was a decisive victory for the Lam Son army, with a superior Ming force having been defeated. The Ming lost heavy amounts of weaponry and suffered heavy casualties. Casualty estimates range, with Vietnamese sources claiming 50000 Ming troops dead and 10000 captured, while the Ming Shilu estimates that around 20000 to 30000 soldiers died in that battle. This victory allowed the Vietnamese to encircle the citadel of Dong Quan and ruined Wang Tong's plans for an offensive. The battle contributed significantly to the eventual victory of the Lam Son Uprising, and was commemorated in the Binh Ngo Dai CaoLam Sơn thực lục, Tân Việt Publishing House, (1956) book 3, translated by Mạc Bảo ThầnReferences
Bibliography
* * Tot Dong - Chuc Dong 1426 Tot Dong - Chuc Dong 1426 Tot Dong - Chuc Dong 1426 15th century in Vietnam 1426 in Asia {{battle-stub