The Battle of Lone Jack was a battle of the
American Civil War
The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by Names of the American Civil War, other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union (American Civil War), Union ("the North") and t ...
, occurring on August 15–16, 1862 in
Jackson County, Missouri
Jackson County is located in the western portion of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 717,204. making it the second-most populous county in the state (after St. Louis County). Although Independence retains ...
. The battle was part of the
Confederate guerrilla and recruiting campaign in Missouri in 1862.
Background
During the summer of 1862 many Confederate and
Missouri State Guard
The Missouri State Guard (MSG) was a military force established by the Missouri General Assembly on May 11, 1861. While not a formation of the Confederate States Army, the Missouri State Guard fought alongside Confederate troops and, at variou ...
recruiters were dispatched north from
Arkansas
Arkansas ( ) is a landlocked state in the South Central United States. It is bordered by Missouri to the north, Tennessee and Mississippi to the east, Louisiana to the south, and Texas and Oklahoma to the west. Its name is from the O ...
into
Missouri
Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. Ranking 21st in land area, it is bordered by eight states (tied for the most with Tennessee): Iowa to the north, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee to the east, Arkansas t ...
to replenish the depleted ranks of the Trans-Mississippi Confederacy. In Western/West-Central Missouri these included then Captain
Jo Shelby
Joseph Orville "J.O." Shelby (December 12, 1830 – February 13, 1897) was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded cavalry in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War.
Early life and education
Joseph Orvill ...
, Colonel
Vard Cockrell
Jeremiah Vardaman Cockrell, also known as Vard Cockrell, (May 7, 1832 – March 18, 1915) was a U.S. Representative from Texas, after having served as a field commander in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was a ...
, Colonel
John T. Coffee,
Upton Hays
Upton Hays, sometimes spelled Hayes, (March 29, 1832 – September 15, 1862) was a colonel of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War.
Early life, career, and border warfare
Upton Hays was born in Caldwell County, Kentucky. ...
, John Charles Tracy,
John T. Hughes, and DeWitt C. Hunter. Most of these commands were working independently and there was no clear sense of seniority yet established. On August 11 the Federal commander General
John Schofield
John McAllister Schofield (September 29, 1831 – March 4, 1906) was an American soldier who held major commands during the American Civil War. He was appointed U.S. Secretary of War (1868–1869) under President Andrew Johnson and later served ...
was stunned to learn that
Independence, Missouri
Independence is the fifth-largest city in Missouri and the county seat of Jackson County, Missouri, Jackson County. Independence is a satellite city of Kansas City, Missouri, and is the largest suburb on the Missouri side of the Kansas City metro ...
had fallen to a combined force of Colonel John T. Hughes,
William Quantrill
William Clarke Quantrill (July 31, 1837 – June 6, 1865) was a Confederate guerrilla leader during the American Civil War.
Having endured a tempestuous childhood before later becoming a schoolteacher, Quantrill joined a group of bandits who ...
, Gideon W. Thompson and Upton Hays. Schofield ordered General
James Totten
James Totten (September 11, 1818 – October 1, 1871) was a career American soldier who served in the United States Army and retired from active service in 1870 as the Assistant Inspector General. He served as an officer in the Union Army and Miss ...
to concentrate his forces to deal with the threat.
[Matthews, Matt and Lindberg, Kip, "Shot All to Pieces, the Battle of Lone Jack, Missouri, August 16, 1862", ''North and South'', Vol. 7, No. 1, January, 2004, pages 59–60]
Skirmish
On August 15, 1862
Union
Union commonly refers to:
* Trade union, an organization of workers
* Union (set theory), in mathematics, a fundamental operation on sets
Union may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Music
* Union (band), an American rock group
** ''Un ...
Major Emory S. Foster, under orders from Totten, led a 740-man combined force from
Lexington to
Lone Jack. Other forces were dispatched from Kansas under General
James G. Blunt (2,500 men) and Missouri under General
Fitz Henry Warren (600 men), but they would not arrive in time for the engagement. Upon reaching the Lone Jack area, Foster received intelligence that 1,600
rebels under Col. Coffee and Lt. Col. Tracy were camped near town and prepared to attack them. The estimate of the rebel command was revised down to only 800 and at about 11:00 p.m., Foster and his men attacked the Confederate camp and dispersed the enemy. The firing of his cannon during this brief skirmish proved to be Foster's undoing, for it alerted Colonel
Vard Cockrell
Jeremiah Vardaman Cockrell, also known as Vard Cockrell, (May 7, 1832 – March 18, 1915) was a U.S. Representative from Texas, after having served as a field commander in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He was a ...
and other rebel commands in the area of Foster's position and intent to fight. Foster's men returned to town to rest along the main street, having spent several days in the saddle. Colonel Cockrell conferred with Upton Hays, Lt. Col.
Sidney D. Jackman, and DeWitt C. Hunter and determined to give battle the next morning with the intent of overwhelming the much smaller Union force.
Battle
Cockrell's plan was to clandestinely deploy Hunter, Jackman and Tracy's forces in a field to the west of town well before sunrise on August 16 and await the opening of the fight. Hays was to initiate the battle with a mounted attack from the north as daylight approached, whereupon the others would launch a surprise flank attack. Hays did not attack as early as planned, instead reconnoitering the other commands before advancing. As daylight appeared Foster's pickets became aware of Hays' advance. This gave Foster's men a brief opportunity to deploy, spoiling the element of surprise.
With sunrise exposing them while awaiting Hays' tardy advance, Jackman, Hunter, and Tracy attacked but were held in check. Hays then performed a dismounted attack from the north. Together his force and Tracy's crumpled the Union right flank, forcing the 7th Missouri Cavalry (commanded by Captain Milton H. Brawner) back onto the artillery. The cannoneers now began a desperate fight. Union Captain Long's 2nd Battalion Missouri State Militia Cavalry concealed behind a hedge row of
Osage orange
''Maclura pomifera'', commonly known as the Osage orange ( ), is a small deciduous tree or large shrub, native to the south-central United States. It typically grows about tall. The distinctive fruit, a multiple fruit, is roughly spherical ...
trees poured a crossfire on the Confederates, temporarily repulsing them.
On the other side of the field Hunter's force was stalled by three companies of Captain Plumb's 6th Missouri State Militia Cavalry. A mounted force (possibly Coffee's) approached on Hunter's flank and he mistook them for Federals. The mounted men attacked but were surprised and repulsed by fire from Capt. Slocum's company of the 7th Missouri State Militia Cavalry behind another Osage orange hedge. Hunter, now short of ammunition, abandoned the field for the ammunition train, exposing Jackman's flank. Jackman was also short of ammunition and retired as well.
Tracy's and Hays' commands renewed their attack to the north, eventually displacing the Indiana artillerists. With no remaining Confederate threat to the south, Captain Plumb now counterattacked to the north, reclaiming the artillery. Jackman and Hunter's resupplied men then returned to the field. Hays attempted to counterattack but a counter-charge by Plumb forced him to retreat. Much of the fighting then devolved into a war of attrition between Confederates on the western side of the street, Union men on the right with their artillery in the middle. The artillerists were soon routed and the guns changed hands several times. Foster recaptured the guns a final time, being severely wounded himself in the process.
After five hours of fighting and the loss – by wounding – of Foster, rebel Col. Coffee and his 800 men reappeared north of town causing Foster's successor, Capt. Milton H. Brawner, to order a retreat. The men left the field in good order and returned to Lexington. The cannon were hastily spiked or disabled and hidden before the Federals departed. The Confederates secured a victory, but the approach of Union forces including Blunt and Fitz Henry Warren forced the Rebels to withdraw on August 17. General Fitz Warren occupied the town that day.
[Matthews, Matt and Lindberg, Kip, "Shot All to Pieces, the Battle of Lone Jack, Missouri, August 16, 1862", ''North and South'', Vol. 7, No. 1, January, 2004, page 71]
Foster was later criticized for attacking on the first day while being outnumbered and for not awaiting reinforcement. However, Fitz Warren's command did not arrive until two days later, and Blunt's three days after Foster arrived. The Federals fought more vigorously because many believed
Quantrill's raiders
Quantrill's Raiders were the best-known of the pro-Confederate States of America, Confederate partisan guerrillas (also known as "bushwhackers") who fought in the American Civil War. Their leader was William Quantrill and they included Jesse Ja ...
were present and would be brutal to prisoners.
Casualties & aftermath
Federal Capt. Brawner reported Union losses as 43 killed, 154 wounded, and 75 missing/captured, a casualty rate of 34 percent and this was almost certainly too low. Rebel Colonel Hunter reported burying 119 Federals and 47 Rebels, but the true losses are unknown. Excluded from Hunter's total were an unknown number of dead Confederates claimed by their friends and families for burial elsewhere.
A recent roll call list of Federals killed at the action as compiled in service records by Wayne Schnetzer reveals 65 killed and at least 29 who later died from wounds received at Lone Jack. The list of known Confederate participation and deaths is less complete, but at least 55 names are listed as killed, with at least 4 others later succumbing to their wounds.
Colonel Cockrell succeeded in locating the two cannon and removed them from the field and back to Arkansas. One was later credited with firing the shot that disabled the ''Queen City'' on the White River. Because they were in possession of the field, the Confederate recruits gained a substantial quantity of needed firearms. As many as half of the recruits were initially unarmed.
This was the only Civil War battle fought by future
Secretary of War
The secretary of war was a member of the U.S. president's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington's administration. A similar position, called either "Secretary at War" or "Secretary of War", had been appointed to serve the Congress of the ...
and U.S. Senator
Stephen B. Elkins
Stephen Benton Elkins (September 26, 1841January 4, 1911) was an American industrialist and politician. He served as the Secretary of War between 1891 and 1893. He served in the United States Congress as a Delegate from the Territory of New Mexi ...
. Elkins was to say that he disgusted of war after what he witnessed in the battle:
:I saw one battle while in the service, that of Lone Jack, and a most awful battle it was. Col. Emory S. Foster had a Union regiment which was attacked by the brother of Senator
Cockrell, but Foster thought the Confederates were the guerrilla hands who raised the black flag, and never gave any quarter. So he refused to surrender, and every one of his officers was picked off. The guerrillas were victorious. I went over the battlefield afterward, the blood, the cries for water and death, the naked bodies stripped of their clothing, the dead horses which served for ramparts, gave me a disgust for war, which makes it seem strange that I am here at the head of the war department of this great government.
Cole Younger
Confederate guerrilla and later outlaw leader
Thomas Coleman Younger was notable for his actions at Lone Jack. Though most of Quantrill's Raiders were still in
Independence, Missouri
Independence is the fifth-largest city in Missouri and the county seat of Jackson County, Missouri, Jackson County. Independence is a satellite city of Kansas City, Missouri, and is the largest suburb on the Missouri side of the Kansas City metro ...
looting after victory in the
First Battle of Independence, 18-year-old Cole Younger was present at Lone Jack riding along the front lines to supply the troops. The wounded Foster was briefly held by the Confederates in a cabin and was threatened with execution by a Confederate officer who had been his bitter enemy since before the war. Younger physically pushed Foster's would-be executioner, Dr. Josiah Hatcher Caldwell, out of the cabin, despite the fact that Caldwell was a ranking officer in the CSA.
When Younger was captured in the
James-Younger Gang robbery of the
Northfield, Minnesota
Northfield is a city in Dakota and Rice counties in the State of Minnesota. It is mostly in Rice County, with a small portion in Dakota County. The population was 20,790 at the 2020 census.
History
Northfield was platted in 1856 by John W ...
First National Bank, Foster (who was then editor of the ''St. Louis Evening Journal'') argued for clemency for Younger.
Popular culture
In the 1969 movie
True Grit
True Grit may refer to:
Fiction
* ''True Grit'' (novel), a 1968 novel by Charles Portis
** ''True Grit'' (1969 film), a film adaptation by Henry Hathaway, starring John Wayne
** ''True Grit'' (2010 film), a film adaptation by the Coen Brothers, ...
, character
Rooster Cogburn (played by
John Wayne) tells Mattie Ross that he lost an
eye at the Battle of Lone Jack, calling it "a scrap outside of Kansas City."
Order of battle
Union: Major Emory S. Foster
:*
7th Missouri Volunteer Cavalry (companies A,C,E,F,I) – Capt. Milton H. Brawner, 265 men.
:*6th Missouri State Militia Cavalry (Companies A,B,E) – Capt. W. Plumb, 149 men.
:*8th Missouri State Militia Cavalry (Companies F,H) – 140 men.
:*2nd Battalion Missouri State Cavalry (Companies A,C,F) – Capt. J.H. Long, 81 men.
:*7th Missouri State Militia Cavalry (Company H) – Capt. E. Slocum, 69 men.
:*
3rd Indiana Artillery (1 section of two 12-pounder James Rifles) – 2Lt. James S. Develin/Sgt. James M. Scott, 36 men.
::Union order of battle, officers and strengths from Banasik's ''Embattled Arkansas''.
Confederate: Colonel Jeremiah "Vard" Cockrell
:*Hays Regiment recruits – Col. Upton Hays, 400 men.
:*Hunter's Regiment recruits – Col. DeWitt C. Hunter, 750 men.
:*Jackman's Regiment recruits – Lt. Col. Sidney Drake Jackman, 450 men.
:*Tracy's Regiment recruits – Lt. Col. John Charles Tracy, 350 men.
:*Coffee's Regiment recruits – Col. John T. Coffee, 800 men (arrived at end of action).
::Confederate order of battle from "Shot All to Pieces" by Matt Matthews and Kip Lindberg.
[Matthews, Matt and Lindberg, Kip, "Shot All to Pieces, the Battle of Lone Jack, Missouri, August 16, 1862", ''North and South'', Vol. 7, No. 1, January, 2004]
References
Sources
*http://historiclonejack.org
*https://web.archive.org/web/20070928114835/http://www.lstourism.com/battle.htm
U.S. National Park Service Lone Jack Battle SummaryCWSAC Report Update
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Jackson County, Missouri
1862 in the American Civil War
1862 in Missouri
August 1862 events