The Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf (30 August 1757) was a victory for the
Russian
Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including:
*Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries
*Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...
force under
Field Marshal
Field marshal (or field-marshal, abbreviated as FM) is the most senior military rank, ordinarily senior to the general officer ranks. Usually, it is the highest rank in an army and as such few persons are appointed to it. It is considered as ...
Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin
Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin (russian: Степан Фёдорович Апраксин; - ), a relative of Fyodor M. Apraksin, commanded the Russian armies during the Seven Years' War. He should not be confused with his son Stepan Stepanovich ...
over a smaller
Prussian
Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an e ...
force commanded by Field Marshal
Hans von Lehwaldt
Hans von Lehwald(t) (24 June 1685 – 16 November 1768), also known as Johann von Lehwald(t), was a Prussian ''Generalfeldmarschall''. He joined the military in 1700 and participated in all Prussian field operations from the War of Spanish ...
, during the
Seven Years' War
The Seven Years' War (1756–1763) was a global conflict that involved most of the European Great Powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. Other concurrent conflicts include the French and Indian War (1754 ...
. This was the first battle in which Russia engaged during the Seven Years' War.
Despite the tactical success, supply problems made a successful advance further into East Prussia impractical. Apraksin decided not to take
Königsberg
Königsberg (, ) was the historic Prussian city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia. Königsberg was founded in 1255 on the site of the ancient Old Prussian settlement ''Twangste'' by the Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades, and was named ...
and ordered a withdrawal soon after the battle. Suspecting collusion between Apraksin and Chancellor
Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin
Count Alexey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (russian: Алексе́й Петро́вич Бесту́жев-Рю́мин; 1 June 1693 – 21 April 1766) was a Russian diplomat and Chancellor (Russia), chancellor. He was one of the most influential and ...
, who had opposed the invasion,
Elizabeth of Russia
Elizabeth Petrovna (russian: Елизаве́та (Елисаве́та) Петро́вна) (), also known as Yelisaveta or Elizaveta, reigned as Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death in 1762. She remains one of the most popular Russian ...
removed Apraksin from command, ordered Bestuzhev-Ryumin to face trial for treason, and appointed
William Fermor
William Fermor (russian: Ви́л Ви́ллимович Фермор, translit=Víllim Víllimovich Fermor) was an Imperial Russian Army officer best known for leading his country’s army at the Battle of Zorndorf during the Seven Years’ War. ...
as the head of the army. Femor led the army back into East Prussia in the following year.
Seven Years' War
Although the Seven Years' War was a global conflict, it took a specific intensity in the
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
an theater based on the recently concluded
War of the Austrian Succession
The War of the Austrian Succession () was a European conflict that took place between 1740 and 1748. Fought primarily in Central Europe, the Austrian Netherlands, Italy, the Atlantic and Mediterranean, related conflicts included King George's W ...
(1740–1748). The 1748
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle gave
Frederick II of Prussia
Frederick II (german: Friedrich II.; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was King in Prussia from 1740 until 1772, and King of Prussia from 1772 until his death in 1786. His most significant accomplishments include his military successes in the Sil ...
, known as Frederick the Great, the prosperous province of
Silesia
Silesia (, also , ) is a historical region of Central Europe that lies mostly within Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany. Its area is approximately , and the population is estimated at around 8,000,000. Silesia is split ...
. Empress
Maria Theresa of Austria
Maria Theresa Walburga Amalia Christina (german: Maria Theresia; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was ruler of the Habsburg monarchy, Habsburg dominions from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position ''suo jure'' ( ...
had signed the treaty to gain time to rebuild her military forces and forge new alliances; she was intent upon regaining ascendancy in the
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a Polity, political entity in Western Europe, Western, Central Europe, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, dissolution i ...
as well as the Silesian province. In 1754, escalating tensions between Britain and France in North America offered France an opportunity to break the British dominance of Atlantic trade. Seeing the opportunity to regain her lost territories and to limit Prussia's growing power, Austria put aside the old
rivalry
A rivalry is the state of two people or groups engaging in a lasting competitive relationship. Rivalry is the "against each other" spirit between two competing sides. The relationship itself may also be called "a rivalry", and each participant o ...
with France to form a new coalition. Faced with this turn of events, Britain aligned herself with the
Kingdom of Prussia
The Kingdom of Prussia (german: Königreich Preußen, ) was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.Marriott, J. A. R., and Charles Grant Robertson. ''The Evolution of Prussia, the Making of an Empire''. Re ...
; this alliance drew in not only the British king's territories held in
personal union
A personal union is the combination of two or more states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct. A real union, by contrast, would involve the constituent states being to some extent interlink ...
, including Hanover, but also those of his relatives in the
Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg
The Electorate of Hanover (german: Kurfürstentum Hannover or simply ''Kurhannover'') was an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, located in northwestern Germany and taking its name from the capital city of Hanover. It was formally known as ...
and the
Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
The Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel (german: Landgrafschaft Hessen-Kassel), spelled Hesse-Cassel during its entire existence, was a state in the Holy Roman Empire that was directly subject to the Emperor. The state was created in 1567 when the Lan ...
. This series of political maneuvers became known as the
Diplomatic Revolution
The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 was the reversal of longstanding alliances in Europe between the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War. Austria went from an ally of Britain to an ally of France, the Dutch Republic, a long stan ...
.
At the outset of the war, Frederick had one of the finest armies in Europe: his troops—any company—could fire at least four volleys a minute, and some of them could fire five. By the end of 1757, the course of the war had gone well for Prussia, and poorly for Austria. Prussia had achieved spectacular victories at
Rossbach and
Leuthen and reconquered parts of Silesia that had fallen back to Austria. The Prussians then pressed south into Austrian
Moravia
Moravia ( , also , ; cs, Morava ; german: link=yes, Mähren ; pl, Morawy ; szl, Morawa; la, Moravia) is a historical region in the east of the Czech Republic and one of three historical Czech lands, with Bohemia and Czech Silesia.
The me ...
. In April 1758, Prussia and Britain concluded the
Anglo-Prussian Convention
The Anglo-Prussian Convention was agreed on 11 April 1758 between Great Britain and the Kingdom of Prussia formalising the alliance between them that had effectively existed since the Convention of Westminster in 1756.
The two states agreed not t ...
in which the British committed to pay Frederick an
annual subsidy of £670,000. Britain also dispatched 7,000–9,000 troops
[Anderson says 7,000, p. 301. Szabo says 9,000.] to reinforce Frederick's brother-in-law, the
Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel
Ferdinand, Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg (12 January 1721, Wolfenbüttel – 3 July 1792, Vechelde), was a German-Prussian field marshal (1758–1766) known for his participation in the Seven Years' War. From 1757 to 1762 he led an Anglo-Germ ...
's army. Ferdinand evicted the French from Hanover and
Westphalia
Westphalia (; german: Westfalen ; nds, Westfalen ) is a region of northwestern Germany and one of the three historic parts of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It has an area of and 7.9 million inhabitants.
The territory of the regio ...
and re-captured the port of
Emden
Emden () is an independent city and seaport in Lower Saxony in the northwest of Germany, on the river Ems. It is the main city of the region of East Frisia and, in 2011, had a total population of 51,528.
History
The exact founding date of E ...
in March 1758; he crossed the Rhine, causing general alarm in France. Despite Ferdinand's victory over the French at the
Battle of Krefeld
The Battle of Krefeld (sometimes referred to by its French name of Créfeld) was a battle fought at Krefeld near the Rhine on 23 June 1758 between a Prussian- Hanoverian army and a French army during the Seven Years' War.
Background
The Hano ...
and the brief occupation of
Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf ( , , ; often in English sources; Low Franconian and Ripuarian: ''Düsseldörp'' ; archaic nl, Dusseldorp ) is the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous state of Germany. It is the second-largest city in th ...
, successful maneuvering of larger French forces required him to withdraw across the Rhine.
[Anderson, p. 301.]
While Ferdinand and the English allies kept the French busy in the Rhineland, Prussia had to contend with Sweden, Russia, and Austria. There remained a possibility that Prussia could lose Silesia to Austria, Pomerania to Sweden, Magdeburg to Saxony, and East Prussia to Poland or Russia: an entirely nightmarish scenario.
[Brendan Simms, ''Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy, 1453–present.'' Basic Books, 2013]
Here
In particular,
East Prussia
East Prussia ; german: Ostpreißen, label=Low Prussian; pl, Prusy Wschodnie; lt, Rytų Prūsija was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 187 ...
was cut off from the rest of Prussia by of Polish territory, and seemed an easy target, but some Russian court officials—notably Chancellor
Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin
Count Alexey Petrovich Bestuzhev-Ryumin (russian: Алексе́й Петро́вич Бесту́жев-Рю́мин; 1 June 1693 – 21 April 1766) was a Russian diplomat and Chancellor (Russia), chancellor. He was one of the most influential and ...
—opposed Russia's entry into what seemed like a largely western European dispute. Bestuzhev-Ryumin did not trust the Prussians, but also had little liking for the French or the British. In this conflict, which grew out of the major realignment of European power diplomacy, it was difficult to determine if
the enemy of an enemy was a friend.
[
]
Dispositions
The Russian field marshal Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin
Stepan Fyodorovich Apraksin (russian: Степан Фёдорович Апраксин; - ), a relative of Fyodor M. Apraksin, commanded the Russian armies during the Seven Years' War. He should not be confused with his son Stepan Stepanovich ...
commanded an army of approximately 55,000 men and crossed the Niemen
The Neman, Nioman, Nemunas or MemelTo bankside nations of the present: Lithuanian: be, Нёман, , ; russian: Неман, ''Neman''; past: ger, Memel (where touching Prussia only, otherwise Nieman); lv, Nemuna; et, Neemen; pl, Niemen; ...
. They captured Memel, which became the army's base for an invasion of the rest of Prussia. Apraxin was cautious, however, and inexperienced in wartime measures. Instead of marching on Wehlau, as was expected, he ordered his forces to cross the Pregel River
The Pregolya or Pregola (russian: Прего́ля; german: Pregel; lt, Prieglius; pl, Pregoła) is a river in the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast exclave.
Name
A possible ancient name by Ptolemy of the Pregolya River is Chronos (from Germanic *''h ...
in safety, near the village of Gross-Jägersdorf. The position in East Prussia had stretched the Russian supply lines, and the troops were forced to forage. Foraging quickly degenerated into unruliness and turned into a scorched earth policy, a process that Frederick derided, thinking the Russians undisciplined troops; a disciplined army, the King reasoned, would make quick work of them.[Jonathan R. Dull, ''The French Navy and the Seven Years' War,'' U of Nebraska Press, 2007, p. 98.] They moved on Königsberg
Königsberg (, ) was the historic Prussian city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia. Königsberg was founded in 1255 on the site of the ancient Old Prussian settlement ''Twangste'' by the Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades, and was named ...
, to try to take or at least invest the city.[Edward Krattli, "Battle of Gross-Jaegersdorf," in Timothy C. Dowling ''Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond, ''ABC-CLIO, 2014, pp. 334–5.]
Frederick sent his 70-year-old Field Marshal Hans von Lehwaldt
Hans von Lehwald(t) (24 June 1685 – 16 November 1768), also known as Johann von Lehwald(t), was a Prussian ''Generalfeldmarschall''. He joined the military in 1700 and participated in all Prussian field operations from the War of Spanish ...
, who commanded of forces in East Prussia
East Prussia ; german: Ostpreißen, label=Low Prussian; pl, Prusy Wschodnie; lt, Rytų Prūsija was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1773 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 187 ...
, with 28,000 men; he supplied Lehwaldt with one hundred officers' patents to fill as he saw fit, expecting him to strengthen the army there.[Bernhard von Poten]
Lehwaldt, Hans von
''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, herausgegeben von der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften,'' Band 18 (1883), S. 166–167, Digitale Volltext-Ausgabe in Wikisource, (Version vom 30 January2017, 19:35 Uhr UTC) He also sent ambiguous orders to take on the Russians whenever his field marshal saw fit. Frederick had not given him specific instructions, just general ones to act when the moment seemed propitious.[Herbert Tuttle, ''History of Prussia: Under Frederic the Great, 1740–1757'', Houghton, Mifflin, 1899, pp. 109–111.]
Battle
The Russians started the day with a leisurely march, but the army was undisciplined and difficult to move in any concentrated, organized way. Seeing the opportunity, the Prussians attacked the milling and "unprepared mob" of Russian soldiers.[Franz A.J. Szabo, ''The Seven Years War in Europe: 1756–1763''. Routledge, 2013. p. 82.] Lehwaldt's cavalry attacked the northern and southern flanks of the Russian army, inflicting initial heavy losses. The Russians, entirely unprepared for an assault by an army half its size, degenerated into further confusion. Apraxin's inexperienced commanders tried to organize the infantry; General Pyotr Rumyantsev
Count Pyotr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky (russian: Пётр Алекса́ндрович Румя́нцев-Задунайский; – ) was one of the foremost Russian generals of the 18th century. He governed Little Russia in the name ...
, who later became one of Russia's best generals, managed to rally the Russians in the center, as it recovered from the shock of the initial attack.[ General Vasily Lopukhin was ]bayonet
A bayonet (from French ) is a knife, dagger, sword, or spike-shaped weapon designed to fit on the end of the muzzle of a rifle, musket or similar firearm, allowing it to be used as a spear-like weapon.Brayley, Martin, ''Bayonets: An Illustr ...
ed by the Prussians: some reports say he died in the arms of his comrades, others, that he died a few days later.[Spencer C. Tucker, ''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern,'' ABC-CLIO, Dec 23, 2009]
p. 771
Initially, Lehwaldt's force retained some advantage in the battle. The fierce Prussian assault prevented the Russians from forming the traditional square
In Euclidean geometry, a square is a regular quadrilateral, which means that it has four equal sides and four equal angles (90-degree angles, π/2 radian angles, or right angles). It can also be defined as a rectangle with two equal-length adj ...
s with which to repel cavalry, but they did not break and run. Furthermore, observers reported that the main force of Prussians advancing on the center fired volley upon volley with their usual ruthless efficiency. The Russian army recovered from the shock of the initial assault and counter-attacked. Initially mesmerized by the Prussian onslaught, the Russians recovered to shoot back; their return fire was not of the same efficiency, but it was nevertheless effective and the Prussian line eventually collapsed under it.[ Furthermore, the Kalmyk ]cavalry
Historically, cavalry (from the French word ''cavalerie'', itself derived from "cheval" meaning "horse") are soldiers or warriors who fight mounted on horseback. Cavalry were the most mobile of the combat arms, operating as light cavalry ...
and the Don Cossacks
Don Cossacks (russian: Донские казаки, Donskie kazaki) or Donians (russian: донцы, dontsy) are Cossacks who settled along the middle and lower Don. Historically, they lived within the former Don Cossack Host (russian: До ...
, on the Prussian left, pretended to retreat so as to trap the attacking Prussians under heavy artillery fire.[ This was an effort by Apraksin to encircle the Prussians with his larger army, which Lehwaldt was able to avoid.][
Lehwaldt's force retired to its former camp and held its ground there.][
]
Aftermath
The Prussians achieved a surprise attack, seized a number of positions from numerically superior forces and inflicted equivalent losses. As at Zorndorf, they proved to be effective against stronger forces in close-quarter fighting. On the other hand, the Russians, as a Saxon
The Saxons ( la, Saxones, german: Sachsen, ang, Seaxan, osx, Sahson, nds, Sassen, nl, Saksen) were a group of Germanic
*
*
*
*
peoples whose name was given in the early Middle Ages to a large country (Old Saxony, la, Saxonia) near the Nor ...
officer remarked, "had neither time nor opportunity to form a square, and yet they did extremely well", despite being taken completely by surprise. Lehwaldt lost between 4,600 and 5,000 casualties and Apraxin, approximately 5,400.[ Some sources estimate Russian losses as higher: perhaps half again as many casualties, so in the 7,000 range.][
Although Lehwaldt withdrew his corps from the battle, and subsequently oversaw the ]Blockade of Stralsund
The Blockade of Stralsund occurred during the Seven Years' War when a Prussian force invested the Swedish garrison of Stralsund, the capital of Swedish Pomerania. Rather than lay formal siege to the port, the Prussians cut it off by land an ...
.[ The Russian success at Gross-Jägersdorf also encouraged Sweden to join the fight against Prussia.][John Oliphant, ''A/AS Level History for AQA Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment,'' Cambridge University Press, 2016, pp. 83, 85.]
Impact on Russian Army
In the aftermath, it was popularly expected in Russia that Apraksin would pursue the Prussian retreat and eventually overrun all of East Prussia; he was, after all, only away from the Königsberg. Inexplicably, the general stopped his advance towards Königsberg and withdrew back into Russia. Historians offer several reasons: after hearing a false report that Empress Elizabeth of Russia
Elizabeth Petrovna (russian: Елизаве́та (Елисаве́та) Петро́вна) (), also known as Yelisaveta or Elizaveta, reigned as Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death in 1762. She remains one of the most popular Russian ...
had died; to support Peter III as heir to the throne; Apraxin marched on Königsberg
Königsberg (, ) was the historic Prussian city that is now Kaliningrad, Russia. Königsberg was founded in 1255 on the site of the ancient Old Prussian settlement ''Twangste'' by the Teutonic Knights during the Northern Crusades, and was named ...
but his troops, lacking in supplies, suffered considerable attrition; and, finally, an epidemic of smallpox
Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus) which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) c ...
, which hit the Russian army, especially the Kalmyks
The Kalmyks ( Kalmyk: Хальмгуд, ''Xaľmgud'', Mongolian: Халимагууд, ''Halimaguud''; russian: Калмыки, translit=Kalmyki, archaically anglicised as ''Calmucks'') are a Mongolic ethnic group living mainly in Russia, w ...
, and resulted in 8.5 times more deaths than all the battles fought in 1757.[
Recent research suggests that the Russians were entirely unprepared for war beyond their western border and had not realistically evaluated their potential supply problems in East Prussia. Apraxin, at best a modest commander, had assessed supplies in the region and believed they were sufficient; he had not established specifically Russian supply depots in ]Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and, after 1791, as the Commonwealth of Poland, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Crown of the Kingdom of ...
, which was neutral, but intended to rely on local supply. In 1757, the ongoing support of the 92,000 horses alone required more fodder than was available from any of the friendly territories in Livland
Livonia ( liv, Līvõmō, et, Liivimaa, fi, Liivinmaa, German and Scandinavian languages: ', archaic German: ''Liefland'', nl, Lijfland, Latvian and lt, Livonija, pl, Inflanty, archaic English: ''Livland'', ''Liwlandia''; russian: Ли ...
, much less unfriendly East Prussia. Furthermore, the Russians had made no effort to expand their supply depots using the Baltic's seaports, which would have been the most obvious way to feed that number of troops at that distance. Finally, the efforts at the troops to requisition supplies were met by a localized guerilla uprising; farmers burnt their crops and destroyed their supplies rather than give to the Russians. Once the Russians reached Livland, observers noted exhausted troops hauling carts because their horses, living on a diet of oak leaves, dropped dead by the hundreds every day.
The Empress was so angry with Apraxin that she removed him from command, and launched an investigation into his actions. She tried Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin, her chancellor and a friend of Apraxin, for treason. Bestuzhev-Ryumin was later exiled to his estates. Elizabeth appointed William Fermor
William Fermor (russian: Ви́л Ви́ллимович Фермор, translit=Víllim Víllimovich Fermor) was an Imperial Russian Army officer best known for leading his country’s army at the Battle of Zorndorf during the Seven Years’ War. ...
as the new Russian commander and the next year the invasion started again.[ Fermor had an entirely different attitude towards supplying his troops, and developed an extensive network of local supply depots and sources outside of the Russian boundary. This, though, attracted aspersions from his political enemies in St. Petersburg, who claimed he was wasting the imperial treasury; however, Fermor was considerably more successful in 1758 than his predecessor had been in 1757.][Keep, pp. 32–34.]
Citations and notes
Notes
Citations
Reading
*Anderson, Fred. ''Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766.'' Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2007, .
*Asprey, Robert. ''Frederick the Great: A Magnificent Enigma.'' Ticknor & Fields, 2007,
*Bassett, Richard. ''For God and Kaiser: The Imperial Austrian Army, 1619–1918.'' Yale University Press, 2015.
* Berenger, Jean.''The Habsburg Empire 1700–1918.'' Routledge, 2014,
*Black, Jeremy. ''Essay and Reflection: On the 'Old System' and the Diplomatic Revolution' of the Eighteenth Century.'' International History Review. (1990) 12:2 pp. 301–323
*Blanning, Tim
Timothy Charles William Blanning (born 21 April 1942) is an English historian who served as Professor of Modern European History at the University of Cambridge from 1992 to 2009.
Career
Timothy Charles William Blanning attended the King's Sch ...
. ''Frederick the Great, King of Prussia.'' NY, Random House, 2016,
* Bodart, Gaston. '' Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary.'' Clarendon Press, 1916.
*Dull, Jonathan R. ''The French Navy and the Seven Years' War,'' U of Nebraska Press, 2007,
*Duffy, Christopher
Christopher Duffy (1936 – 16 November 2022) was a British military historian.
Duffy read history at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated in 1961 with the DPhil. Afterwards, he taught military history at the Royal Military Academy San ...
. ''Frederick the Great: A Military Life''. New York: Routledge, Chapman & Hall, 1985.
*Horn, D. B. "The Diplomatic Revolution" in J.O. Lindsay, ed., ''The New Cambridge Modern History vol. 7, The Old Regime: 1713–63'' (1957): pp 449–64
*Jones, Archer. ''The Art of War in the Western World.'' University of Illinois Press, 2001,
*Keep, Joh
''Feeding the Troops: Russian Army Supply Policies during the Seven Years War.''
Canadian Slavonic Papers, Vol. 29, No. 1 (March 1987), pp. 24–44, pp. 29–31.
*Krattli, Edward, "Battle of Gross-Jaegersdorf," in Timothy C. Dowling ''Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond, ''ABC-CLIO, 2014, . pp. 334–5.
*Longman, Frederick William. ''Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War.'' Longmans, Green, and Company, 1881.
*Malleson, Col. G. B. ''Loudon: A Sketch Of The Military Life Of Gideon Ernest.'' Pickle Partners Publishing, 2016 (1872)
*MacDonogh, Giles. ''Frederick the Great: A Life in Deed and Letters''. St. Martin's Griffin, New York, 2001,
*Oliphant, John. ''A/AS Level History for AQA Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment,'' Cambridge University Press, 2016,
*Redman, Herbert J. ''Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War, 1756–1763.'' McFarland, 2014,
*Ralli, Augustus. ''Guide to Carlisle.'' G. Allen & Unwin Limited, 1922
* Robitschek, Norbert. '' Hochkirch: Eine Studie.'' Verlag von teufens, Wien 1905
* Showalter, Dennis, ''Frederick the Great, a Military History.'' Frontline, 2012.
*Scott, Hamish. ''The Birth of a Great Power System, 1740–1815'', Routledge, 2014
*Simms, Brendan. ''Europe: The Struggle for Supremacy, 1453–present.'' Basic Books, 2013,
*Szabo, Franz J. ''The Seven Years War in Europe: 1756–1763''. Routledge, 2013.
*Wilson, Peter H., ''The Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire.'' Penguin, 2016, pp. 478–479.
* Zabecki, David. ''Germany at War. Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History'' (2014 2015). Vol. I−IV, ABC-CLIO,
External links
*
*
Apraksin's report about the battle (with a map appended)
1757-08-30 – Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gross-Jagersdorf 1757, Battle of
Battle of Gross-Jagersdorf
Battles of the Seven Years' War
Battles involving Prussia
Battles involving Russia
East Prussia
1757 in Prussia
Battles of the Silesian Wars
History of Kaliningrad Oblast