The Battle of Empress Augusta Bay, on 1–2 November 1943 – also known as the Battle of Gazelle Bay, Operation Cherry Blossom, and in Japanese sources as the Sea Battle off Bougainville Island (ブーゲンビル島沖海戦) – was a
naval battle
Naval warfare is combat in and on the sea, the ocean, or any other battlespace involving a major body of water such as a large lake or wide river. Mankind has fought battles on the sea for more than 3,000 years. Even in the interior of large lan ...
fought near the island of
Bougainville in
Empress Augusta Bay
Empress Augusta Bay is a bay on the western side of the island of Bougainville Island, within the Autonomous Region of Bougainville in northeastern Papua New Guinea.
It is a subsistence fishing area for the people of Bougainville.
History
Em ...
. The naval battle was a result of
Allied
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
landings on nearby Bougainville in the first action in the
Bougainville campaign
The Bougainville campaign was a series of land and naval battles of the Pacific campaign of World War II between Allied forces and the Empire of Japan, named after the island of Bougainville. It was part of Operation Cartwheel, the Allied ...
of
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
and may also be considered as part of the
Solomons and
New Guinea
New Guinea (; Hiri Motu
Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is a language of Papua New Guinea, which is spoken in surrounding areas of Port Moresby (Capital of Papua New Guinea).
It is a simplified version of ...
campaigns. The battle was significant as part of a broader Allied strategy—known as
Operation Cartwheel
Operation Cartwheel (1943–1944) was a major military operation for the Allies in the Pacific theatre of World War II. Cartwheel was an operation aimed at neutralising the major Japanese base at Rabaul. The operation was directed by the ...
—aimed at isolating and surrounding the major Japanese base at
Rabaul
Rabaul () is a township in the East New Britain province of Papua New Guinea, on the island of New Britain. It lies about 600 kilometres to the east of the island of New Guinea. Rabaul was the provincial capital and most important settlement in ...
. The intention was to establish a
beachhead
A beachhead is a temporary line created when a military unit reaches a landing beach by sea and begins to defend the area as other reinforcements arrive. Once a large enough unit is assembled, the invading force can begin advancing inland. The ...
on Bougainville, within which an airfield would be built.
The naval battle took place at the end of the first day of the landings around Cape Torokina, as the Japanese sortied a large force from Rabaul in an effort to replicate the success they had achieved at
Savo Island
Savo Island is an island in Solomon Islands in the southwest South Pacific ocean. Administratively, Savo Island is a part of the Central Province of the Solomon Islands. It is about from the capital Honiara. The principal village is Alialia, ...
in August 1942, in response to Allied amphibious landings in the eastern Solomon Islands. Ultimately, the covering force of US warships was able to turn back the Japanese force and the landings around Cape Torokina were successful.
Background
On 1 November 1943, the
US 3rd Marine Division landed at Cape Torokina in Empress Augusta Bay on Bougainville. Following in the wake of Allied successes in the
Solomon Islands campaign
The Solomon Islands campaign was a major campaign of the Pacific War of World War II. The campaign began with Japanese landings and occupation of several areas in the British Solomon Islands and Bougainville, in the Territory of New Guinea, du ...
, the landings were undertaken as part of an Allied plan to establish a number of airbases in the region, to project airpower towards the Japanese stronghold around
Rabaul
Rabaul () is a township in the East New Britain province of Papua New Guinea, on the island of New Britain. It lies about 600 kilometres to the east of the island of New Guinea. Rabaul was the provincial capital and most important settlement in ...
,
[''Naval History'' 1995, p. 41.] the reduction and isolation of which was a key part of
Operation Cartwheel
Operation Cartwheel (1943–1944) was a major military operation for the Allies in the Pacific theatre of World War II. Cartwheel was an operation aimed at neutralising the major Japanese base at Rabaul. The operation was directed by the ...
. The bay had been chosen because it was at the outer limit of Allied fighter plane range, and because the numerically-superior
Japanese 17th Army was concentrated at other, more strategic sites in the north and the south. The Marines were backed by Task Force 39, composed of cruisers and destroyers, commanded by
Rear Admiral
Rear admiral is a senior naval flag officer rank, equivalent to a major general and air vice marshal and above that of a commodore and captain, but below that of a vice admiral. It is regarded as a two star "admiral" rank. It is often regarde ...
Aaron S. Merrill
Aaron Stanton Merrill (March 26, 1890 – February 28, 1961), also known as Tip Merrill, was an American rear admiral during World War II who led American naval forces during the Solomon Islands campaign as well as the first admiral to solely use ...
. Merrill's force was tasked with covering the vulnerable transports and minelayers from air attack and from attack from the sea.
![Location of Bougainville](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Location_of_Bougainville.jpg)
The Japanese responded with air attacks and a powerful naval force from Rabaul commanded by Admiral
Sentaro Omori, attempting to replicate the success they had achieved at
Savo Island
Savo Island is an island in Solomon Islands in the southwest South Pacific ocean. Administratively, Savo Island is a part of the Central Province of the Solomon Islands. It is about from the capital Honiara. The principal village is Alialia, ...
in August 1942, in response to Allied amphibious landings in the eastern Solomon Islands.
[Morison 1958, p. 305.] The Japanese formation was hastily assembled from whatever ships were on hand, many of which had never trained or fought together before. Omori's force consisted of the heavy cruisers and , the light cruisers and , and the destroyers , , , , , and . These were organised into a cruiser division (Cruiser Division 5), which contained the two heavy cruisers, and two screens (left and right) with a light cruiser and three destroyers. The left screen was commanded by Rear Admiral
Matsuji Ijuin
Baron was a commander in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, who was promoted posthumously to vice admiral after being killed in action in combat off Saipan.
Life and military career
Born in the Kōjimachi district of Tokyo, Ijui ...
, while the right was under Rear Admiral
Morikazu Osugi
Morikazu (written: 盛和 or 守一) is a masculine Japanese given name
A given name (also known as a forename or first name) is the part of a personal name quoted in that identifies a person, potentially with a middle name as well, and d ...
's command.
[Morison 1958, p. 306.] Initially, this force had included five destroyer transports laden with troops for a counter-landing, but following several delays, the decision was made for the transports to return to Rabaul. This force would later land around
Koromokina Lagoon on 7/8 November.
Ranged against the Japanese force was Merrill's Task Force 39. The heart of US Task Force 39 was Cruiser Division (CruDiv) 12 – , , , and .
[Morison 1958, p. 308.] These four cruisers were officially categorized as light cruisers; however, they were nearly the size of the Japanese heavy cruisers and were armed with twelve radar-aimed
rapid fire guns. Task Force 39 also included Destroyer Squadron (DesRon) 23, which consisted of two destroyer divisions (DesDiv): DesDiv 45 – , , , and DesDiv 46 – , , , . Merrill had overall command of the force, as well as directly commanding CruDiv 12, while Captain
Arleigh Burke
Arleigh Albert Burke (October 19, 1901 – January 1, 1996) was an admiral of the United States Navy who distinguished himself during World War II and the Korean War, and who served as Chief of Naval Operations during the Eisenhower and Kenne ...
commanded DesDiv 45 and Commander
Bernard Austin was in command of DesDiv 46.
[
]
Battle
As the Japanese ships sortied towards Cape Torokina, the Americans were already in the process of withdrawing most of their landing craft and troop transports from around Cape Torokina, and assembling them to the southwest of Empress Augusta Bay. The 12 transports were ordered to depart around 18:00, while four cargo vessels, still only partially unloaded, remained. The US minelayers operating off Cape Moltke were also withdrawn.[Marsh 2003, pp. 42–47.] Meanwhile, US reconnaissance aircraft had detected Omori's force, and in response Merrill's force, which had been shelling Japanese positions around Buka in northern Bougainville the day before, began steaming north from around Vella Lavella
Vella Lavella is an island in the Western Province of the Solomon Islands. It lies to the west of New Georgia, but is considered one of the New Georgia Group. To its west are the Treasury Islands.
Environment
The island of Vella Lavella is loc ...
to intercept, departing before midnight on 1/2 November. They subsequently established themselves to block the entrance to Empress Augusta Bay. The Japanese approached from the northwest, aiming to bombard the invasion force in their transports and on the shore. At 01:30 on 2 November, ''Haguro'' was struck amidships by an American aerial attack. The resulting damage necessitated a significant reduction in speed for the entire formation.
The Americans made radar contact at 02:27 on 2 November. Merrill subsequently shook his force out into three columns, sending Burke's destroyers to attack the Japanese northern flank, while the cruisers turned about to remain out of torpedo range,[ with the remaining destroyers from Austin's group being tasked with launching a torpedo attack on the southern flank. From the leading position in the American formation, Burke sent the four destroyers of DesDiv 45 forward for a torpedo attack and at 02:46 fired a salvo toward the Japanese. Around the same time, the ''Sendai''-led division fired eight torpedoes. Each attack was detected and both groups maneuvered away from the torpedoes. The Japanese fleet became separated in the confusion into three groups.]
Merrill then ordered DesDiv 46 to attack. Unprepared, ''Foote'' misinterpreted the command and was separated from the other ships.[Morison 1958, p. 316.] Despite her captain's best efforts, ''Foote'' was unable to effectively rejoin the fight and was in some danger of colliding with other friendly ships. At around 02:50, when it became apparent that DesDiv 45's torpedo attack had failed to achieve complete surprise, the American cruisers opened fire, quickly disabling ''Sendai'', whose rudder jammed.
After firing her torpedoes, ''Samidare'' collided with ''Shiratsuyu''. ''Samidare'' and ''Shiratsuyu'' were subsequently forced to retire from the battle with ''Samidare'' receiving 5-inch hits at 03:00. ''Myōkō'' also collided with ''Hatsukaze'', slicing off her bows. ''Myōkō'' had significant damage from this collision. Meanwhile, ''Haguro'' was hit by several cruiser shells, only a few of which detonated. Relying on visual tracking of their targets, with difficulty, the Japanese cruisers pinpointed the American cruisers and opened fire at 03:13. At 03:20 the Cruiser Squadron fired several torpedoes at CruDiv 12. At 03:27 numerous hits on CruDiv 12 were erroneously reported to Omori – but all actually missed their targets.
The Americans were also having problems as ''Spence'' and ''Thatcher'' also collided but were able to continue in the battle. ''Foote'' was struck by a torpedo which blew off the stern of the ship,[Morison 1958, pp. 316–317.] leaving 19 dead and 17 wounded.[ Subsequently, the drifting ''Foote'' became a navigational hazard to the other ships adding to the confusion of the battle.][ ''Foote'' was busy for the remainder of the engagement trying to stay afloat and fighting off an enemy aircraft attack. Without fire control radar, the Japanese depended heavily on flares to illuminate their targets. CruDiv 12 repeatedly maneuvered to avoid starshells fired by the opposing ships but was finally successfully illuminated by brilliant flares dropped by Japanese snooper aircraft.
Between 03:20 and 03:25 ''Denver'' received three 8-inch hits which failed to detonate.][Morison 1958, p. 313.] Also, while closing with a group of Japanese destroyers in the center, ''Spence'' was hit at the waterline by a shell that failed to explode. At this point the Japanese fire was heavy and increasingly accurate. In response, the American cruisers began maneuvering behind a smoke screen which successfully interfered with the Japanese gunnery.
Throughout the battle the American destroyers experienced difficulty maintaining contact with each other and several times came close to firing on friendly ships, underscoring the difficulty in fighting night actions even when equipped with radar and IFF
In logic and related fields such as mathematics and philosophy, "if and only if" (shortened as "iff") is a biconditional logical connective between statements, where either both statements are true or both are false.
The connective is bicon ...
systems. A later evaluation of the battle revealed that DesDiv 46 missed an opportunity to torpedo the center group of Japanese ships because of uncertain identification. DesDiv 46 then turned north and concentrated fire on ''Sendai''.
By 03:37, Omori, believing that he had sunk a heavy cruiser and worried about being caught in daylight by US carrier aircraft, ordered a retreat.[Morison 1958, p. 315.] Merrill's cruisers closed to bombard the Japanese forces withdrawing to the west, engaging ''Hatsukaze'' at over , but they were unable to score any hits.[Morison 1958, p. 318.]
Around 04:00, DesDiv 45 and 46 engaged in a confused melee with retreating Japanese stragglers – sinking ''Sendai'' and driving off the remaining northern group ships. Just before 04:13 ''Spence'' lost speed due to water in the fuel line and fell out of formation. The American ships reported many hits on the enemy contacts. DesDiv 45 fired on the limping ''Spence'' in error, causing no damage. CruDiv 12 and ''Spence'' engaged a Japanese straggler at 05:10. Unable to distinguish between the straggler and ''Spence'' the cruisers ceased fire. By 05:19, DesDiv 45 came to the aid of ''Spence'' which by this time had almost exhausted its ammunition. The Japanese straggler, the heavily damaged ''Hatsukaze'', exploded and sank.
At daylight the pursuit was broken off and all ships, many low on fuel and ammunition, were ordered to rendezvous with the hapless ''Foote'', as Merrill was concerned about the possibility of his ships being exposed to air attack. This proved prescient, as a heavy Japanese air attack, consisting of over 100 aircraft, was launched from Rabaul early in the morning, directed on the US ships that had converged around ''Foote''. This was fought off with assistance from US and New Zealand shore-based aircraft, with heavy losses being inflicted on the attacking aircraft. The Japanese ships scored two hits on ''Montpelier'', inflicting nine wounded. ''Foote'' was subsequently towed to Tulagi for repairs.
Aftermath
The battle ended in a complete victory for the US naval force, in what author Leo Marriott describes as the "last major naval action... f..the Solomons campaign". Not only did they deflect the Japanese away from the vulnerable transport ships and landing craft around Cape Torokina,[Marriott 2005, p. 135.] but they had also inflicted significant damage on their opponents. For the loss of 19 killed and 26 wounded, and three ships damaged,[ the US ships sank one light cruiser and one destroyer and damaged two cruisers and two destroyers. Japanese casualties have been reported as being between 198 and 658 killed. Up to 25 Japanese aircraft were shot down in the air attack following the naval action.][ The Japanese subsequently sent a submarine to locate survivors; none were found from ''Hatsukaze'', but some were rescued from ''Sendai''.][
]
In the aftermath, the Japanese ships returned to Rabaul. There, they were joined by four cruisers and more destroyers from Truk for another attack on the Allied landing forces at Bougainville.[ On 5 November, however, two US ]aircraft carrier
An aircraft carrier is a warship that serves as a seagoing airbase, equipped with a full-length flight deck and facilities for carrying, arming, deploying, and recovering aircraft. Typically, it is the capital ship of a fleet, as it allows a ...
s raided Rabaul, heavily damaging four heavy cruisers, which had to withdraw to Truk. This ended the Japanese warship threat to the Allied landing forces at Bougainville. Omori was later relieved of his command as a result of the failed action.[ Following this, US ground forces secured their beachhead around Cape Torokina and the perimeter was subsequently expanded. A PT boat base was established on Puruata Island and several airbases were built around the Cape Torokina perimeter. These were subsequently employed in the reduction of Rabaul. By the start of February 1944, the US had built up a force of over 400 aircraft on Bougainville; before the month ended the Japanese air defenses around Rabaul had been defeated.][ On the ground, throughout the remainder of 1943, the US Marines and Japanese fought several minor land battles around the perimeter, culminating in a large scale Japanese counterattack in March 1944. This counterattack was fought off with Japanese heavy losses.][Morison 1958, pp. 337–365; James 2012, p. 155.]
Notes
Footnotes
Citations
References
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External links
Order of battle
JO1 Lorraine Ramsdell (US Navy Reserve), "The Battle of Bougainville"
WW2DB: Solomons Campaign
Night Engagement of Empress Augusta Bay
1943 US Navy "action report film" online at FedFlix.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Empress Augusta Bay
Conflicts in 1943
1943 in Papua New Guinea
Territory of New Guinea
Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II
Naval battles of World War II involving Japan
Naval battles of World War II involving the United States
Autonomous Region of Bougainville
Battles and operations of World War II involving Papua New Guinea
November 1943 events
Japan–United States military relations