The Battle of Carthage, also known as the Engagement near Carthage, took place at the beginning of the

American Civil War The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), the latter formed by states th ...

on July 5, 1861, near

Carthage, Missouri Carthage is a city in Jasper County, Missouri, United States. The population was 15,522 as of the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Jasper County and is nicknamed "America's Maple Leaf City." History Jasper County was formed in 1841. ...

Franz Sigel Franz Sigel (November 18, 1824 – August 21, 1902) was a German American military officer, revolutionary and immigrant to the United States who was a teacher, newspaperman, politician, and served as a Union major general in the American Civil W ...

, a colonel with military experience from Baden (now part of Germany), commanded 1,100 Federal soldiers intent on keeping Missouri within the

Union Union commonly refers to: * Trade union, an organization of workers * Union (set theory), in mathematics, a fundamental operation on sets Union may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Music * Union (band), an American rock group ** ''Un ...

Claiborne Fox Jackson Claiborne Fox Jackson (April 4, 1806 – December 6, 1862) was an American politician of the Democratic Party in Missouri. He was elected as the 15th Governor of Missouri, serving from January 3, 1861, until July 31, 1861, when he was for ...

governor of Missouri A governor is an politician, administrative leader and head of a polity or Region#Political_regions, political region, ranking under the Head of State, head of state and in some cases, such as governor-general, governors-general, as the head of ...

, personally commanded and

Sterling Price Major-General Sterling "Old Pap" Price (September 14, 1809 – September 29, 1867) was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded infantry in the Western and Trans-Mississippi theaters of the American Civil War. Prior to ...

, a hero of

Mexican–American War The Mexican–American War, also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the (''United States intervention in Mexico''), was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848. It followed the 1 ...

, led the pro-secessionist

Missouri State Guard The Missouri State Guard (MSG) was a military force established by the Missouri General Assembly on May 11, 1861. While not a formation of the Confederate States Army, the Missouri State Guard fought alongside Confederate troops and, at various ...

, which numbered more than four thousand soldiers alongside two thousand unarmed troops, who did not participate in the battle.

Background

Northern and Southern sympathies divided political views in

Missouri Missouri is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. Ranking List of U.S. states and territories by area, 21st in land area, it is bordered by eight states (tied for the most with Tennessee ...

before the American Civil War. Because economy connected Saint Louis and its surrounding counties with the North, that region generally sympathized with the Northern states. The area with few slaves also contained a large German immigrant population, most of whom opposed slavery.

, supported the South, and the sides very heavily divided the rest of the state. Publicly, Jackson tried to stay neutral, but the Union men suspected him of secretly preparing the state militia to seize the Saint Louis Arsenal. After the firing on

Fort Sumter Fort Sumter is a sea fort built on an artificial island protecting Charleston, South Carolina from naval invasion. Its origin dates to the War of 1812 when the British invaded Washington by sea. It was still incomplete in 1861 when the Battl ...

in April 1861,

Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln ( ; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the nation thro ...

president of the United States The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United Stat ...

, called for troops from all of the states to defeat the Confederacy. He asked Missouri to send four regiments. Jackson as governor refused the request. Instead, he called up the Missouri State Militia, possibly to seize the Saint Louis Arsenal. If this was his intention,

Nathaniel Lyon Nathaniel Lyon (July 14, 1818 – August 10, 1861) was the first Union general to be killed in the American Civil War. He is noted for his actions in Missouri in 1861, at the beginning of the conflict, to forestall secret secessionist plans of th ...

, captain in the 2nd United States Infantry, thwarted it. Previously stationed in

Kansas Territory The Territory of Kansas was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from May 30, 1854, until January 29, 1861, when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the United States, Union as the Slave and ...

, Lyon developed well-known

abolitionist Abolitionism, or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery. In Western Europe and the Americas, abolitionism was a historic movement that sought to end the Atlantic slave trade and liberate the enslaved people. The British ...

views. Arriving in February 1861, Lyon quickly became associated with the "Unconditional Unionist" faction in Saint Louis. Lyon, like many Unionists of Saint Louis, feared that Governor Jackson would employ the secessionist Minutemen paramilitary organization of the city and the local

Missouri Volunteer Militia The Missouri Volunteer Militia (MVM) was the state militia organization of Missouri, before the formation of the Missouri State Guard in the American Civil War. Prior to the Civil War, Missouri had an informal state militia that could be called up ...

to capture the Arsenal. Beginning on April 22, 1861, on the orders of President Lincoln, Lyon mustered in four regiments of Federal Missouri Volunteers (mostly former members of Republican Wide Awake marching clubs), issuing them weapons, drawn from the Arsenal stocks. Lincoln followed with orders to remove most of the weapons of the Saint Louis Arsenal to

Illinois Illinois ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern United States. Its largest metropolitan areas include the Chicago metropolitan area, and the Metro East section, of Greater St. Louis. Other smaller metropolita ...

; in secret on the night of April 24–25, 1861, soldiers carried out this transfer. The crisis grew worse when a shipment of Confederate siege artillery arrived at the state Militia encampment, Camp Jackson, on May 8–9, 1861. Presented with proof of treasonous plotting at Camp Jackson, Lyon marched the Federal regulars and his new Missouri Volunteers to the camp to arrest the militia. Surrounding the camp, Lyon forced the surrender of the militia and marched the prisoners to and through Saint Louis, leading to the deadly and riotous Camp Jackson affair. The action drew great protests from Missourians, and even representatives of the City of Saint Louis petitioned Lincoln for dismissal of Lyon. Most of Unconditional Union Party, including

Francis Preston Blair Jr. Francis Preston Blair Jr. (February 19, 1821 – July 8, 1875) was a United States Senator, a United States Congressman and a Union Major General during the Civil War. He represented Missouri in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, a ...

, congressman and brother to

Montgomery Blair Montgomery Blair (May 10, 1813 – July 27, 1883) was an American politician and lawyer from Maryland. He served in the Lincoln administration cabinet as Postmaster-General from 1861 to 1864, during the Civil War. He was the son of Francis Presto ...

postmaster general A Postmaster General, in Anglosphere countries, is the chief executive officer of the postal service of that country, a ministerial office responsible for overseeing all other postmasters. The practice of having a government official respons ...

under Lincoln, however, supported action of Lyon. The Blair brothers arranged for Lyon's promotion to brigadier general. Continued Unconditional Unionist concerns over the accommodation of state authorities by Gen.

William S. Harney William Selby Harney (August 22, 1800 – May 9, 1889) was a Tennessee-born cavalry officer in the US Army, who became known during the Indian Wars and the Mexican–American War for his brutality and ruthlessness. One of four general officers ...

, commander of the

Department of the West The Department of the West, later known as the Western Department, was a major command ( Department) of the United States Army during the 19th century. It oversaw the military affairs in the country west of the Mississippi River to the borders of C ...

, led to Harney's removal on May 31, 1861.

Prelude

On June 10, 1861,

met with

, governor of Missouri, and

, major-general of Missouri State Guard, at

Planter's House Hotel The Planter's House Hotel was the name of three hotels in St. Louis, Missouri. The first operated from 1817, the second from 1841 to 1891, and the third until 1922. History There were three incarnations of the Planter's House hotel in St. Loui ...

of Saint Louis in a last attempt to solve conflicting claims for state and federal sovereignty. The conference proved futile, with both parties making mutually unacceptable demands. After four hours, Lyon abruptly ended the meeting, and Jackson and Price retreated to Jefferson City, ordering railroad bridges burned behind them. Lyon moved elements of his Saint Louis garrison to steam up the Missouri River to capture the state capital at

Jefferson City, Missouri Jefferson City, informally Jeff City, is the capital of Missouri, United States. It had a population of 43,228 at the 2020 census, ranking as the 15th most populous city in the state. It is also the county seat of Cole County and the princip ...

, colonel, took command of a second element of Federal troops, moving from Saint Louis into southwest Missouri to cut off Missouri State Guard forces who might retreat south in the face of advance of Lyon. On June 12, 1861, he started to move his first and second battalions alongside five infantry companies, two rifle companies, and an artillery battery towards Springfield. The Missouri State Guard in Jefferson City retreated to Boonville, where a pivotal skirmish took place on June 17. Lyon quickly took the town and chased the Missouri State Guard south. Due to logistical difficulties, Lyon could not keep up with the retreating Guardsmen. Another group of State Guardsmen in Lexington, after learning of the defeat at Boonsville, also moved south under Sterling Price. Troops of Sigel arrived in Springfield and quickly took the town. They prepared to march to

Carthage Carthage was the capital city of Ancient Carthage, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia. Carthage was one of the most important trading hubs of the Ancient Mediterranean and one of the most affluent cities of the classi ...

, expecting to catch the retreating State Guardsmen. Units of Jackson and Price units met in Lamar on July 3 and started to organize. Army of Jackson grew to 6,000 men, a large number of whom joined along the march south. Only hunting rifles, shotguns, knives, or, in some cases, no weapons at all, however, for the most part armed the force in Lamar. On the next day, July 4, Sigel arrived at Carthage with 1,100 men. Intelligence of Sigel indicated before July 4 that the Missouri State Guard camped near Lamar, about 18 miles north of Carthage. On the night of July 4, State Guard skirmishers collided with pickets of Sigel outside Carthage. Both sides thus knew of presence of the other side.

Battle

Learning that

had encamped at Carthage,

, governor of Missouri, took command and made plans to attack the smaller but better armed Union force. On the morning of July 5, Jackson marched his green soldiers south. The rival armies met 10 miles north of Carthage, and the State Guard raised two Confederate stars and bars flags on either side of their line, which stretched over half a mile. Men of Sigel provided an impressive display as they formed a line of battle and moved within 800 yards of the State Guard troops. Opening the action with his

artillery Artillery is a class of heavy military ranged weapons that launch munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during siege ...

, Sigel closed to the attack. Jackson replied with his own artillery. Jackson and the State Guard then chased after brigade of Sigel, engaging them in battle as they pushed them 10 miles southward until they reached the outskirts of Carthage. Jackson ordered his men to divide and to attempt to surround force of Sigel; the battle went steadily through the day until both forces faced off in the Carthage town square. Both sides then engaged in some skirmishing. At this time, Sigel learned of a large body of Guardsmen—actually all unarmed recruits—moving into the woods on his left outside town. Fearing that this force would turn his flank, he ordered a retreat. The State Guard pursued, but Sigel conducted a successful rearguard action. Sigel returned back in Carthage before evening. Under cover of darkness, he retreated further to

Sarcoxie, Missouri Sarcoxie is a city in Jasper County, Missouri, United States. The population was 1,406 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Joplin, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. History Sarcoxie was platted in the early 1830s, and it was originally ...

Aftermath

Independent partisan rangers, serving with

Joseph Orville Shelby Joseph Orville "J.O." Shelby (December 12, 1830 – February 13, 1897) was a senior officer of the Confederate States Army who commanded cavalry in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War. Early life and education Joseph Orvill ...

, captain in

, on the battlefield introduced new tactics; owing in large part to these tactics, the secessionist state guard won a strategic victory in this battle.Flaherty and Sutherland. ''General Jo Shelby, Undefeated Rebel''. pp. 63-72: Boonville and Carthage Carthage helped to spark recruitment for the Southern regiments and thus played a part in determining course of Missouri during the war. Robert Wells Crawford, an attorney and founder of the county, fought in the battle. Waldo Porter Johnson, formerly a United States Senator from Missouri, in a letter, dated October 24, 1862, to

, governor of Missouri in exile, nominated him lieutenant colonel of the 5th Missouri Infantry Regiment (Confederate) and later the 13th Missouri Cavalry Regiment (Confederate), and he served in this office as a recruiter for the

Confederate States Army The Confederate States Army, also called the Confederate Army or the Southern Army, was the military land force of the Confederate States of America (commonly referred to as the Confederacy) during the American Civil War (1861–1865), fighting ...

in Missouri.

Significance

After

invoked "the war power" in lieu of a declaration of war in his message to Congress on July 4, 1861, the chronologically first major strategically and tactically significant battle occurred at Carthage. The battle marks the only time when a sitting governor of a state in the United States of America personally led troops in the field, and he then led them against the Union to which his state belonged.

, a captain and Missouri farmer, commanded a band of 150 independent partisan rangers, serving at the vanguard of army of

, that governor. Batteries of made These rangers of Shelby pressed retreat of

to Sarcoxie and thus "snatched the victory at Carthage" from grasp of batteries of

and their tactical battlefield maneuvers under fire; pro-Confederate elements in Missouri therefore celebrated their first victory. The depopulation of mineral-rich Jasper County and the destruction of Carthage by sustained hostilities throughout the war paved the way for Victorian-era resettlement.

Battlefield preservation

The

American Battlefield Trust The American Battlefield Trust is a charitable organization ( 501(c)(3)) whose primary focus is in the preservation of battlefields of the American Civil War, the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 through acquisition of battlefield land. Th ...

and its partners in battlefield land preservation have acquired and preserved of the Carthage battlefield through November 2021.

"Saved Land" webpage. Accessed November 30, 2021.

Notes

References

* Monhegan, Jay. ''Civil War on the Western Border: 1854-1865''. Boston: Little, Brown, 1956. * O'Flaherty, Daniel. Sutherland, Daniel E. ''General Jo Shelby: Undefeated Rebel''. Chapel Hill:

University of North Carolina Press The University of North Carolina Press (or UNC Press), founded in 1922, is a university press that is part of the University of North Carolina. It was the first university press founded in the Southern United States. It is a member of the Ass ...

. June 1, 2000. 1954 (first edition). * Piston, William Garrett. ''Wilson's Creek, the Second Battle of the Civil War and the Men Who Fought It''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000. * Rombauer, Robert J. ''The Union Cause in St. Louis in 1861''. St. Louis: St. Louis Centennial Year (Press), 1909. * Schrantz, Ward L. ''Jasper County, Missouri in the Civil War'', 1923.
National Park Service battle description

External links

Battle of Carthage State Historic SiteFound Poems: Cultural Fragments of Missouri's Antebellum Frontier
{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle of Carthage, Missouri 1861 in the American Civil War 1861 in Missouri Carthage 1861 Carthage (1861) Jasper County, Missouri July 1861 events Carthage 1861 Carthage 1861