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Batlejka (, Batleyka) is a Belarusian amateur
puppet theatre Puppetry is a form of theatre or performance that involves the manipulation of puppets – inanimate objects, often resembling some type of human or animal figure, that are animated or manipulated by a human called a puppeteer. Such a performa ...
. Its name is derived from the city of
Bethlehem Bethlehem (; ar, بيت لحم ; he, בֵּית לֶחֶם '' '') is a city in the central West Bank, Palestine, about south of Jerusalem. Its population is approximately 25,000,Amara, 1999p. 18.Brynen, 2000p. 202. and it is the capital o ...
Этнаграфія Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя / Рэд.: І. П. Шамякін (гал. рэд.) і інш. — Мн.: БелСЭ, 1989. and performances are traditionally given over the Christmas period. It became popular in
Belarus Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by R ...
in the 16th century but the peak of its popularity falls on the 18-19th centuries. It was largely forgotten during
Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
times but revived in present-day Belarus and within the
Belarusian diaspora The Belarusian diaspora refers to emigrants from the territory of Belarus as well as to their descendants. According to different researchers, there are between 2.5 and 3.5 million Belarusian descendants living outside the territory of the Rep ...
.


Puppet booth and puppets

Puppets on metal rods are led by a puppeteer hiding behind a wooden booth with doors. The booth has two levels - the upper ‘heavenly’ or ‘canonical’ level and the lower ‘earthly’ or ‘layman’ level. Puppets were traditionally made of wood and dressed in colourful  miniature clothes.


Plot


Part 1: Nativity

King Herod learns from the
Three Kings The biblical Magi from Middle Persian ''moɣ''(''mard'') from Old Persian ''magu-'' 'Zoroastrian clergyman' ( or ; singular: ), also referred to as the (Three) Wise Men or (Three) Kings, also the Three Magi were distinguished foreigners in the G ...
that the Saviour is born. Considering him a rival, King Herod decides to kill
Jesus Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label=Hebrew/Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other names and titles), was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious ...
. He order a soldier to go to Bethlehem and kill all newly born babies. The soldier obeys the order and kills all babies except a baby of Rachael. Angry Herod orders to kill Rachael's baby too. Herod pays with his life for these crimes - the Death beheads Herod and his body is taken to Hell by the Devil. The soldier soon follows his master.


Part 2: Folk scenes

This part comprises a number of humorous and satirical episodes involving multiple characters - peasants, tradesmen, aristocracy, etc. While Part 1 was performed throughout Belarus with little variations, Part 2 varies significantly depending on the geographical region of the performance and the imagination of a particular puppeteer.


References


Further reading

* Барышаў Г.I., Саннiкаў А. К. Беларускі народны тэатр батлейка. Мн., 1962; * Бaрышев Г. И. Художественное оформление белорусского кукольного театра батлейки // Белорусское искусство. Сб. статей и материалов, Минск, 1957; * Бессонов П. Белорусские песни, M., 1871; * Бядуля З. Бэтлейка и Беларускі тэатр // Вестник Нар. Комиссариата просвещения ССРБ, Минск, 1922. С. 3–4, 11–12; * Вертеп в Могилеве // Могилевские Губернские Ведомости, 1866, No. 4. стр. 26–29. * Давидова М. Г. Вертепный театр в русской традиционной культуре // Альманах Традиционная культура No. 1’2002; * Дзешавой А. Докшыцкі лялечнік // «Маладосць», 1958, No. 9. * Збірайце матэр’ялы аб бэтлейцы! // «Наша Ніва», Вільня, 1910, No. 44-45, С. 83–84; * Карский Е. Ф. Рождественская вертепная драма // Белорусы, т. 3, ып.3, П., 1922; * Кізіма С.А., Лянцэвіч В.М., Самахвалаў Дз.С. Гісторыя Беларусі: Курс лекцый. – Мн.: Выд-ва МІК, 2003. – 91 с.; * Красьнянскі В. Батлейка віцебскага аддзяленьня беларускага Дзяржаўнага музэю // Інстытут беларускае культуры. Запіскі аддзелу гуманітарных навук, кн. 6 — Працы камісіі гісторыі мастацтва, т. 1, сш. 1, Менск, 1928; * Лабовіч А. Першая экспазіцыя Дзяржаўнага музея гісторыі тэатральнай і музычнай культуры // Беларускі гістарычны часопіс. No. 3’2003; * Лозка А. Беларуская батлейка: Каляндарныя i абрадавыя гульнi. Мн., 1997; * Перетц В. Н. Кукольный театр на Руси (Исторический очерк) // Ежегодник императорских театров. — Приложения. — Кн. 1. — Спб., 1895. — С. 85-185. * Романов Е. Белорусские тексты вертепного действа. Могилев, 1898. С. 45–46, 49–52; * Саўчук Н. Беларуская батлейка // Беларускі гістарычны часопіс. No. 3’2003; * Шeйн П. В. Вертеп, или бетлейки (батлейки) // Материалы для изучения быта и языка русского населения Северо-Западного края, т. 3, СПб, 1902; * Эpeмич И. Очерки белорусского Полесья // Вестник Западной России, Вильно, 1867, кн. 10, т. 4, отд. 4; * Юшкевич С. Небо и земля: сценарии для батлейки / С. Юшкевич, И. Лой, А. Досина, Н. Куксачёв. Мн.: Зорны верасень, 2008. {{Nativity of Jesus Puppet theaters Theatre in Belarus Slavic Christmas traditions Belarusian traditions