![Romanus1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Romanus1.jpg)
( el, βασιλεοπάτωρ, , father of the
mperor}) was one of the highest secular
titles
A title is one or more words used before or after a person's name, in certain contexts. It may signify either generation, an official position, or a professional or academic qualification. In some languages, titles may be inserted between the f ...
of the
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
. It was an exceptional post (the 899
''Kletorologion'' of Philotheos lists it as one of the 'special dignities', ), and conferred only twice in the Empire's history.
Its holder was not the emperor's
biological father
A father is the male parent of a child. Besides the paternal bonds of a father to his children, the father may have a parental, legal, and social relationship with the child that carries with it certain rights and obligations. An adoptive fath ...
, and although the exact functions associated with the post remain obscure, it is generally hypothesized that it was meant to denote a
regent
A regent (from Latin : ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state '' pro tempore'' (Latin: 'for the time being') because the monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge the powers and duties of the monarchy ...
acting as a
custodian
Custodian may refer to:
Occupations
* Janitor, a person who cleans and maintains buildings
* Goalkeeper, in association football
* Fullback, in rugby, also called a sweeper
* Legal guardian or conservator, who may be called a custodian in some ...
and
tutor
TUTOR, also known as PLATO Author Language, is a programming language developed for use on the PLATO system at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign beginning in roughly 1965. TUTOR was initially designed by Paul Tenczar for use in co ...
over a young emperor. A different interpretation, however, has been offered by A. Schmink, whereby the alternative spelling (βασιλειοπάτωρ), found both in contemporary seals and in the ''Life of
Theophano''
hagiography
A hagiography (; ) is a biography of a saint or an ecclesiastical leader, as well as, by extension, an adulatory and idealized biography of a founder, saint, monk, nun or icon in any of the world's religions. Early Christian hagiographies migh ...
, ought to be preferred. The title could then be interpreted as meaning 'father of the palace', confirming the holder's position as the emperor's chief aide without implying any sort of tutelage over him.
The title was created, sometime between August 891 and May 893, by Emperor
Leo VI the Wise
Leo VI, called the Wise ( gr, Λέων ὁ Σοφός, Léōn ho Sophós, 19 September 866 – 11 May 912), was Byzantine Emperor from 886 to 912. The second ruler of the Macedonian dynasty (although his parentage is unclear), he was very well r ...
() for
Stylianos Zaoutzes
Stylianos Zaoutzes ( el, ) was a high Byzantine official of Armenian origin. Rising to high rank under Byzantine emperor Basil I (reigned 867–886), he then rose further to prominence under Basil's successor Emperor Leo VI the Wise (r. 886–912) ...
, the father of Leo's long-time mistress and later second wife,
Zoe Zaoutzaina Zoe Zaoutzaina (Greek: Ζωὴ Ζαούτζαινα; died May 899) was a Byzantine empress consort as the second wife of the Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Wise. She was the daughter of Stylianos Zaoutzes (Στυλιανὸς Ζαούτζης), a high ...
. Coming in addition to Stylianos's earlier title of and the position of , by this act Leo, according to the traditional interpretation, is held to have formally placed the affairs of the Byzantine Empire in Zaoutzes's hands until the latter's death in 899. More recent scholarship, however, has cast doubt on the image of the "all-powerful " (Shaun Tougher), citing evidence in support of Leo's effective control of the government. Either way, the title placed Stylianos at the apex of the
civil bureaucracy, directly below the emperor himself.
The title was revived in 919 for admiral
Romanos Lekapenos
Romanos I Lekapenos ( el, Ρωμανός Λεκαπηνός; 870 – 15 June 948), Latinized as Romanus I Lecapenus, was Byzantine emperor from 920 until his deposition in 944, serving as regent for the infant Constantine VII.
Origin
Romanos ...
after he married his daughter
Helena to Emperor
Constantine VII
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (; 17 May 905 – 9 November 959) was the fourth Emperor of the Macedonian dynasty of the Byzantine Empire, reigning from 6 June 913 to 9 November 959. He was the son of Emperor Leo VI and his fourth wife, Zoe Kar ...
(), but within a few months he was raised further to and, shortly after, was crowned senior emperor, with Constantine VII relegated to co-emperor. The title was not used thereafter except in a literary context;
Symeon Metaphrastes
Symeon, called Metaphrastes or the Metaphrast (; ; died c. 1000), was a Byzantine writer and official. He is regarded as a saint in the Eastern Orthodox Church and his feast day falls on 9 or 28 November.
He is best known for his 10-volume Greek ...
for instance
anachronistically
An anachronism (from the Greek , 'against' and , 'time') is a chronological inconsistency in some arrangement, especially a juxtaposition of people, events, objects, language terms and customs from different time periods. The most common type ...
calls
Arsenius the Great
Saint Arsenius the Deacon, sometimes known as Arsenius of Scetis and Turah, Arsenius the Roman or Arsenius the Great, was a Roman imperial tutor who became an anchorite in Egypt, one of the most highly regarded of the Desert Fathers, whose teachi ...
a , as he was the tutor of
Honorius and
Arcadius
Arcadius ( grc-gre, Ἀρκάδιος ; 377 – 1 May 408) was Roman emperor from 383 to 408. He was the eldest son of the ''Augustus'' Theodosius I () and his first wife Aelia Flaccilla, and the brother of Honorius (). Arcadius ruled the ea ...
, the sons of Emperor
Theodosius I
Theodosius I ( grc-gre, Θεοδόσιος ; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was Roman emperor from 379 to 395. During his reign, he succeeded in a crucial war against the Goths, as well as in two ...
(). There was also an attempt by supporters of
Michael Palaiologos () to revive the title in 1258, when he was appointed regent over the underage
Nicaean emperor
The Empire of Nicaea or the Nicene Empire is the conventional historiographic name for the largest of the three Byzantine Greeks, Byzantine Greek''A Short history of Greece from early times to 1964'' by W. A. Heurtley, H. C. Darby, C. W. Crawley ...
John IV Laskaris
John IV Doukas Laskaris (or Ducas Lascaris) ( el, Ἰωάννης Δούκας Λάσκαρις, ''Iōannēs Doukas Laskaris'') (December 25, 1250 – c. 1305) was emperor of Nicaea from August 16, 1258, to December 25, 1261. This empire was one ...
(), but instead, he assumed the titles of , then , before finally being crowned emperor in 1259.
References
Sources
*
*
* {{cite book, last=Tougher, first=Shaun, title=The Reign of Leo VI (886-912): Politics and People , year=1997, location=Leiden, publisher=Brill, url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iPquae5A4zIC, isbn=978-90-04-10811-0
Honorifics
Byzantine court titles
Byzantine imperial titles