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Barricade (from the French ''
barrique
Oak is used in winemaking to vary the color, flavor, tannin profile and texture of wine. It can be introduced in the form of a barrel during the fermentation or aging periods, or as free-floating chips or staves added to wine fermented in a v ...
'' - 'barrel') is any object or
structure that creates a barrier or obstacle to control, block passage or force the flow of
traffic
Traffic comprises pedestrians, vehicles, ridden or herded animals, trains, and other conveyances that use public ways (roads) for travel and transportation.
Traffic laws govern and regulate traffic, while rules of the road include traffi ...
in the desired direction. Adopted as a military term, a barricade denotes any improvised field
fortification
A fortification is a military construction or building designed for the defense of territories in warfare, and is also used to establish rule in a region during peacetime. The term is derived from Latin ''fortis'' ("strong") and ''facere' ...
, such as on city streets during
urban warfare
Urban warfare is combat conducted in urban areas such as towns and cities. Urban combat differs from combat in the open at both the operational and the tactical levels. Complicating factors in urban warfare include the presence of civilians a ...
.
Barricades also include temporary
traffic barricade
A traffic barricade is a type of barricade used to control the flow of traffic or block access to an area, generally for safety purposes. Traditionally made of wood, or wood and steel, many now have structural members made wholly of plastic or comp ...
s designed with the goal of dissuading passage into a protected or
hazardous
A hazard is a potential source of harm. Substances, events, or circumstances can constitute hazards when their nature would allow them, even just theoretically, to cause damage to health, life, property, or any other interest of value. The probabi ...
area or large slabs of
cement
A cement is a binder, a chemical substance used for construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to other materials to bind them together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel ( aggregate) together. Cement mi ...
whose goal is to prevent forcible passage by a vehicle. Stripes on barricades and panel devices slope downward in the direction traffic must travel.
There are also pedestrian barricades - sometimes called bike rack barricades for their resemblance to a now obsolete form of
bicycle stand
A bicycle parking rack, usually shortened to bike rack and also called a bicycle stand, is a device to which bicycles can be securely attached for parking purposes. A bike rack may be free standing or it may be securely attached to the ground o ...
, or police barriers. They originated in France approximately 50 years ago and are now produced around the world. They were first produced in the U.S. 40 years ago by Friedrichs Mfg for
's
Mardi Gras parades.
Anti-vehicle barriers and blast barriers are sturdy barricades that can respectively counter vehicle and bomb attacks.
In history
The origins of the barricade are often erroneously traced back to the "First
Day of the Barricades
In the French Wars of Religion, the Day of the Barricades (in french: Journée des barricades), 12 May 1588, was an outwardly spontaneous public uprising in staunchly Catholic Paris against the moderate, hesitant, temporizing policies of Henry I ...
", a confrontation that occurred in Paris on 12 May 1588 in which the supporters of the Duke of Guise and the ultra-Catholic Holy League successfully challenged the authority of King Henri III. In actuality, although barricades came to widespread public awareness in that uprising (and in the equally momentous "Second Day of the Barricades" on 27 August 1648), none of several conflicting claims concerning who may have "invented" the barricade stand up to close scrutiny for the simple reason that Blaise de Monluc had already documented insurgents' use of the technique at least as early as 1569 in religiously based conflicts in southwestern France.
Although barricade construction began in France in the sixteenth century and remained an exclusively French practice for two centuries, the nineteenth century remained the classic era of the barricade. Contrary to a number of historical sources, barricades were present in various incidents of the great French Revolution of 1789, but they never played a central role in those events. They were, however, a highly visible and consequential element in many of the insurrections that occurred in France throughout the 1800s, including in the revolutions of 1830 ("the July Days") and 1848 (in both February and June.) Other Parisian events included the
June Rebellion
The June Rebellion, or the Paris Uprising of 1832 (french: Insurrection républicaine à Paris en juin 1832), was an anti-monarchist insurrection of Parisian republicans on 5 and 6 June 1832.
The rebellion originated in an attempt by republ ...
of 1832, which was smaller in scale, but rendered famous by
Victor Hugo
Victor-Marie Hugo (; 26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French Romantic writer and politician. During a literary career that spanned more than sixty years, he wrote in a variety of genres and forms. He is considered to be one of the great ...
's account in ''
Les Misérables
''Les Misérables'' ( , ) is a French historical novel by Victor Hugo, first published in 1862, that is considered one of the greatest novels of the 19th century.
In the English-speaking world, the novel is usually referred to by its origin ...
'', the combat that ended the Paris Commune in May 1871, and the more symbolic structures created in May 1968.
The barricade began its diffusion outside France in the 1780s and played a significant role in the
Belgian Revolution of 1830, but it was only in the course of the upheaval of 1848 that it became truly international in scope. Its spread across the Continent was aided by the circulation of students, political refugees, and itinerant workers through the French capital, where many gained first-hand experience of one or another Parisian insurrection. The barricade had, by the middle of the nineteenth century, become the preeminent symbol of a revolutionary tradition that would ultimately spread worldwide. Barricade references appear in many colloquial expressions and are used, often metaphorically, in poems and songs celebrating radical social movements.
[Traugott, Mark. 2010. The Insurgent Barricade. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010.]
Crowd control
Barricades are used for crowd control applications at public events or during exceptionally busy shopping times. Different types of barricade are designed to fit the environment and use cases the organizer decides on.
;Bridge Feet: Typically used for outdoor use, where the ground is not perfectly flat. The bridge design of the feet allows for better stability.
;Flat Feet:Used on surfaces such as streets, sidewalks, and tarmacs, these barricades are designed for use on flat surfaces.
;Heavy Duty Feet: Similar to flat feet, but larger in size and made of heavy duty steel, allowing for more durability and support.
;Barricade Gates: These gates swing open like a doorway, allowing for passage of people of goods through a run of barricades.
;Expanding Barricades: Designed for indoor use and for use on sites where construction or work is occurring. Easy to move and store these barricades serve as a temporary barricade.
Gallery
File:Barricade Paris 1871 by Pierre-Ambrose Richebourg.jpg, Paving blocks in a barricade, Paris 1871
Stamp_Soviet_Union_1930_366.jpg, "To The Barricades": 1930 Soviet Union stamp commemorating the 1905 Russian Revolution
File:Lokajski - Powstancy w Śródmieściu (1944).jpg, Earthen barricade during the Warsaw Uprising
File:Warsaw Uprising by Lokajski - 3391.jpg, Among the materials frequently used for barricade construction are sandbags, pavement slabs and large vehicles
File:Lokajski - Barykada na Marszałkowskiej (1944).jpg, Streetcar as part of a barricade
File:Barricades at Union Square%2C SF.JPG, Pedestrian barricade photo
File:Friedrichs model SF-1 crowd control barricade.gif, Crowd control barricade
File:Warsaw Uprising - Baricade on Okopowa St.jpg, Improvised barricade made of train engines
File:Warsaw Uprising by Lokajski - Barricade on Zielona St - 3889.jpg, Pavement slabs barricade and a trench behind it during the Warsaw Uprising
File:Warsaw Uprising by Szober - Ulica Smulikowskiego.jpg, Improvised barricade built with vehicles
File:Warsaw Uprising by Lokajski - Cow at Nowy Świat - 4061.jpg, A barricade in Warsaw protecting civilians from enemy fire when crossing a street
File:MUTCD Barricades.svg, Barricades as street and highway traffic control devices
Image:barricades - 1848 Germany.jpg, Revolutionary barricades during the 1848 May Uprising in Dresden
The May Uprising took place in Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony in 1849; it was one of the last of the series of events known as the Revolutions of 1848.
Events leading to the May Uprising
In the German states, revolutions began in March 1848, start ...
File:Perehvatchic (Interceptor) barrier device during the "Armiya 2021" exhibition.jpg ,
See also
*
The Barricades
The Barricades ( lv, Barikādes) were a series of confrontations between the Republic of Latvia and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in January 1991 which took place mainly in Riga. The events are named for the popular effort of building ...
*
Bulwark
*
Border barrier
A border barrier is a separation barrier that runs along or near an international border. Such barriers are typically constructed for border control purposes such as curbing illegal immigration, human trafficking, and smuggling. Some such barr ...
*
Rampart
Rampart may refer to:
* Rampart (fortification), a defensive wall or bank around a castle, fort or settlement
Rampart may also refer to:
* "O'er the Ramparts We Watched" is a key line from "The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem of the ...
*
Ley Anti Barricadas The Anti-Barricade Law ( es, Ley Antibarricadas) is a Chilean law created in the context of the 2019–20 Chilean protests which increases the punishments for setting up barricades, carrying out plunder or throwing objects at people or vehicles. It ...
*
Jersey barrier
A Jersey barrier, Jersey wall, or Jersey bump is a modular concrete or plastic barrier employed to separate lanes of traffic. It is designed to minimize vehicle damage in cases of incidental contact while still preventing vehicle crossovers resu ...
* ''
A las Barricadas
"A las Barricadas" ("To the Barricades") was one of the most popular songs of the Spanish anarchists during the Spanish Civil War. "A las Barricadas" is sung to the tune of "Whirlwinds of Danger" ("Warszawianka"), composed by Józef Pławiń ...
'' ('To the Barricades')
References
{{Authority control
Traffic signs
Types of wall
Fortifications by type