Louis Armand, Baron de Lahontan (9 June 1666 – prior to 1716) served in the French military in Canada where he traveled extensively in the Wisconsin and Minnesota region and the upper Mississippi Valley. Upon his return to Europe he wrote an enormously popular travelogue. In it he recounted his voyage up the "Long River," now thought to be the Missouri. He wrote at length and in very positive terms about Native American culture, portraying Indian people as free, rational, and generally admirable.

Early life

He was born into the

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and inherited the title Baron Lahontan upon his father's death in 1674. De Lahontan joined the troupes de la marine and was sent to New France in 1683 at age 17 along with two other officers and three companies of troops.Lanctôt, Gustave. The Oakes Collection. Ottawa: J.O. Patenaude, 1940. 11. After arriving at Quebec in November and settling in Beaupré, he would lead his company in 1684 on an unsuccessful offense against the Iroquois from Fort Frontenac.

Explorer

Having already faced the reality of settler life in Beaupré, de Lahontan again led his men to Boucherville to live with local habitants between 1685 and 1687 – himself dividing his time between hunting and classical literature. Just prior to a decision to return to France, Lahontan was ordered –at least in part because of his knowledge of the Algonkian language- to head a detachment of French and native troops towards Fort St. Joseph where he would launch another attack on the Iroquois. He was a restless commander and spent much of his time exploring the region. In 1688 following news of the abandonment of the post at Niagara and renewed attacks of the Iroquois, he burned his fort and led his men to Michillimackinac in search of supplies and possibly entertainment for his men. De Lahontan felt that without supplies from Niagara his dwindling stores would not be enough to last the winter. During the winter and spring months he explored the upper Mississippi valley where he ascended the “Rivière Longue”; some scholars consider this a fanciful tale, others argue that he had discovered the Missouri River.

King William's War

During King William's War, De Lahontan submitted several proposals for military fortification and equipment in New France such as a Great Lakes Flotilla for defense against the Iroquois and a line of forts meant for defence along the western frontier, both on behalf of Governor Frontenac in 1692. Further, he led a successful offense against five English frigates of Phipp's invasion fleet in the

Gulf of St. Lawrence The Gulf of St. Lawrence () is the outlet of the North American Great Lakes via the St. Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. The gulf is a semi-enclosed sea, covering an area of about and containing about of water, at an average depth of . ...

in 1690 under Frontenac. Though his proposal for a Great Lakes flotilla was ultimately rejected on the basis of cost, de Lahontan would be promoted to King's Lieutenant. At Placentia, he defended the capital from a siege in 1692. On 13 December 1692 following a conflict with the governor of Placentia (Newfoundland),

Jacques-François de Monbeton de Brouillan Jacques-François de Monbeton de Brouillan (1651, Gascony – September 22, 1705 at Chedabouctou, Acadia) French military officer and Governor of Plaisance ( Placentia), Newfoundland (1689-1701) and Acadia (1701-1705). Biography Monbeton de ...

, de Lahontan decided to abandon his office and New France altogether. He deserted and took ship for

Viana, Portugal Viana do Castelo () is a municipality and seat of the district of Viana do Castelo in the Norte Region of Portugal. The population in 2011 was 88,725, in an area of 319.02 km². The urbanized area of the municipality, comprising the city, ...

. Deprived of his inheritance and unable to return to France, he eventually arrived in Amsterdam on 14 April.Lanctôt, Gustave. The Oakes Collection;. Ottawa: J.O. Patenaude, 1940. 17. During an unknown period of time in

Saragossa, Spain Zaragoza, also known in English as Saragossa,''Encyclopædia Britannica'"Zaragoza (conventional Saragossa)" is the capital city of the Zaragoza Province and of the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. It lies by the Ebro river and its tributar ...

, until at least 1696, de Lahontan recorded his memoirs for the English government explaining how and why they should take French controlled Canada.

Author

Upon return to Amsterdam in 1703 he published his three most famous works: ''Nouveaux Voyages dans l’Amerique Septentrionale'', ''Memoires de l’Amerique Septentrionale'', and ''Supplement aux Voyages ou Dialogues avec le sauvage Adario''. ''Nouveaux Voyages dans l’Amerique Septentrionale'' provides a thorough and detailed account of de Lahontan's life and stay in New France, while ''Memoires de l’Amerique Septentrionale'' describes his observations of geography, institutions, commerce as well as information about native tribes. Finally, ''Supplement aux Voyages ou Dialogues avec le sauvage Adario'' lambasts institutional Christianity by means of a dialogue between de Lahontan and a Huron Chief named

Adario Kondiaronk (c. 1649–1701) (Gaspar Soiaga, Souojas, Sastaretsi), known as ''Le Rat'' (The Rat), was Chief of the Native American Wendat people at Michilimackinac in New France. As a result of an Iroquois attack and dispersal of the Hurons in 16 ...

(The Rat). The author attempts to contrast the injustice of Christianity with the freedom and justice of native people.

Links

*
Lom d'Arce
at the

Canadian Museum of History The Canadian Museum of History (french: Musée canadien de l’histoire) is a national museum on anthropology, Canadian history, cultural studies, and ethnology in Gatineau, Quebec, Canada. The purpose of the museum is to promote the heritage of C ...

: CV, animated map of his expedition to Saint-Louis; English or French

References