Barbara Fiske Calhoun (born Isabelle Daniel Hall; September 9, 1919 – April 28, 2014) was an American cartoonist and painter, one of the few female creators from the

Golden Age of Comic Books The Golden Age of Comic Books describes an era of American comic books from 1938 to 1956. During this time, modern comic books were first published and rapidly increased in popularity. The superhero archetype was created and many well-known char ...

. She co-founded

Quarry Hill Creative Center Quarry Hill Creative Center, in Rochester, Vermont, is Vermont's oldest alternative living group or community. It was founded in 1946 by Irving Fiske, a playwright, writer, and public speaker; and his wife, Barbara Hall Fiske, an artist and one ...

, one of Vermont's oldest alternative communities, on the Fiske family property, in Rochester, Vermont.

Early life and education

Isabelle Daniel Hall was born in Tucson, Arizona, on September 9, 1919, to Isabelle Daniel Jones and John Hall, Jr., both newspaper reporters. Both were scions of upper-class Southern families who uprooted after the Civil War and traveled West. Barbara's mother Isabelle, called "Belle," came from

Asheville, North Carolina Asheville ( ) is a city in, and the county seat of, Buncombe County, North Carolina. Located at the confluence of the French Broad and Swannanoa rivers, it is the largest city in Western North Carolina, and the state's 11th-most populous cit ...

, where she had modeled for the papers with her sisters Mary and Polly. Around 1912, she and her brother A. V., who had tuberculosis, came to Tucson seeking the warmth of the desert and hoping it would cure or remit his illness. John Hall, Jr., was from Alabama, though he had been born in Jacksonville, Florida. His mother, Lucy Herter Hall—a Yankee from Boston who also had tuberculosis. After her husband, John Hall, Sr., died, Lucy came to Arizona with her three sons, John, Richard and Harry. John Hall and Belle met in Arizona during this time. A.V. died in 1915, and no longer needing to care for her brother, Belle finally felt able to marry John, a few years younger than herself. Belle and John married on March 20, 1918, and "Babs," from the Scots word for "baby," was born in September the following year. Her father was caught up in a late wave of Spanish Influenza and died in February 1920, when Babs was only six months old. Babs attended art school in Los Angeles, moving to New York in 1940.

Harvey Comics

During World War II, after showing her portfolio to Harvey Comics in 1941, Babs was hired to draw the comic feature ''

Black Cat A black cat is a domestic cat with black fur that may be a mixed or specific breed, or a common domestic cat of no particular breed. The Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) recognizes 22 cat breeds that can come with solid black coats. The Bombay b ...

''. She was one of the few female comic book artists in the United States during the World War II era. Living in the West Village, she met her husband-to-be, writer and playwright Irving Fiske, who suggested that she change her name to "Barbara Hall," which she did. She signed her work "B. Hall" because female

cartoonist A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in both drawing and writing cartoons (individual images) or comics (sequential images). Cartoonists differ from comics writers or comic book illustrators in that they produce both the literary and ...

s were not held in high esteem. Her next strip was ''Girl Commandos'', about an international team of Nazi-fighting women. This feature focused on Pat Parker, war nurse, a "freelance fighter for freedom." While stationed in India, Parker recruits a British nurse, an American radio operator, a Soviet photographer, and a Chinese patriot. Hall continued ''Girl Commandos'' until 1943, when it was taken over by Jill Elgin. Hall also created the Blonde Bomber (aka Honey Blake), a newsreel camerawoman, chemist, and crime-fighter with a sidekick named Jimmy Slapso. The Blonde Bomber was a regular feature of Harvey's

Green Hornet The Green Hornet is a superhero created in 1936 by George W. Trendle and Fran Striker, with input from radio director James Jewell. Since his 1930s radio debut, the character has appeared in numerous serialized dramas in a wide variety of media ...

comics.Williams, Maren
"She Changed Comics: Pre-Code & Golden Age: Barbara Hall,"
Comic Book Legal Defense Fund website (March 4, 2016).

Quarry Hill Creative Center

On January 8, 1946, she married Irving Fiske and began to use the name Barbara Hall Fiske. On April 10, 1946, she and her husband, both extremely unconventional bohemian intellectuals, used wedding money to buy the farm in Rochester that later became the artist's retreat and "hippie commune" called

. (The Fiske family do not consider Quarry Hill to be a commune. Homeowners sign an agreement with Lyman Hall Inc., the current owner of the land, that it belongs to the Fiske family and the corporation, And they pay a site fee. The corporation provides plowing, water and Trash removal, among other things. Barbara and Irving had two children: Isabella "Ladybelle" Joachim Fiske (born 1950) and William John Fiske (1954–2008). Though she had given up drawing comics, to the loss of the world of cartooning, she continued and developed the sophistication of her artwork in the mediums of egg tempera and pastel. In the mid-1960s, Barbara opened a storefront, The Gallery Gwen, in New York's East Village. There Barbara showed her paintings, along with those of others, and Irving began to give public talks on Tantra, Zen,

Sufism Sufism ( ar, ''aṣ-ṣūfiyya''), also known as Tasawwuf ( ''at-taṣawwuf''), is a mystic body of religious practice, found mainly within Sunni Islam but also within Shia Islam, which is characterized by a focus on Islamic spirituality, r ...

, Hinduism, Christianity, Judaism, and

atheism Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no d ...

, among many other things. Hundreds of young people, including many who became well-known, such as Art Spiegelman (who dated the Fiskes’ daughter Isabella) and

Stephen Huneck Stephen Huneck ( ; October 8, 1948 – January 7, 2010) was an American wood carving folk artist, furniture maker, painter, and author. Much of his artwork focused on dogs, including The Dog Chapel at his Dog Mountain farmstead. Biography Huneck ...

, began to visit

. Many stayed to build houses; Quarry Hill is now the oldest and largest alternative lifestyle group in Vermont, and one of the largest in New England. She attended Vermont College and got an MFA in Art History during the 60s, and returned to Quarry Hill after a time of living in Randolph, Vermont. She divorced Fiske in 1976. After a period of some tension, they reached a state of friendliness and mutual support, with the shared desire to see Quarry Hill continue. With the assistance of her son, William, and others, Barbara created a corporation to own the land, Lyman Hall, Inc. In 1989, she married Dr. Donald Calhoun, a Quaker writer and sociology professor who had been her mentor at Vermont College. Barbara also became a member of the Society of Friends (Quakers) in Middlebury, VT during the 1980s. They both lived at Quarry Hill into their 90s. Donald Calhoun died on May 5, 2009."Obituaries: Dr. Donald Calhoun,"
''The Herald of Randolph'' (May 14, 2009). Barbara lived at

till she was 93, teaching art and encouraging the young.

Illness and death

Ill health and disability led her to enter Brookside Nursing Home in White River Junction, Vermont, where she died April 28, 2014. Her daughter and son-in-law, Brion T. McFarlin, were with her in the last days before her death. Following the custom of Quarry Hill, they read to her from favorite poets and philosophers, including passages from The Tibetan Book of the Dead, and played her favorite music. Barbara Hall Fiske Calhoun's centenary will be celebrated in summer 2019 at Quarry Hill.

References

Notes

Sources

* Braunstein, Peter and Michael W. Doyle, eds. ''Imagine Nation: The American Counterculture of the 1960s and 70s''. New York: Routledge, 2002, p. 330 * Miller, Timothy. ''The 60s Communes: Hippies and Beyond''. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press, 1999, p. 8 * Trausch, V. "Where Have All the Flower Children Gone?" ''Boston Globe'' Sunday Magazine (August 2, 1987)
Archived at the University of Vermont

"Fiske Family Women Honored,"
''The Herald of Randolph'' (Feb. 21, 2002). {{DEFAULTSORT:Calhoun, Barbara Fiske 1919 births 2014 deaths Activists from Arizona American women cartoonists American female comics artists Artists from Tucson, Arizona Golden Age comics creators American Quakers Converts to Quakerism People from Rochester, Vermont Founders of utopian communities People from Greenwich Village American cartoonists