Barbara Ann Wilcox (April 1, 1912 – September 9, 1962), born Edward Price Richards and known for a time as Barbara Ann Richards, was an American transgender woman who is known for her successful 1941 petition to change her legal name to her chosen name, which attracted widespread media attention as one of the earliest cases on the legal status of transgender people.

Early life and education

Richards was born on April 1, 1912, to an affluent family in Salem, Massachusetts. When she was five, she was hospitalized for several months with spinal meningitis, which physically weakened her. Throughout her early childhood, she felt constrained by

masculine Masculinity (also called manhood or manliness) is a set of attributes, behaviors, and roles associated with men and boys. Masculinity can be theoretically understood as socially constructed, and there is also evidence that some behaviors con ...

expectations from her father and schoolmates. After her parents separated when she was 13, she moved with her mother to Los Angeles, where she started to enjoy school more. She enrolled at Pomona College in

Claremont, California Claremont () is a suburban city on the eastern edge of Los Angeles County, California, United States, east of downtown Los Angeles. It is in the Pomona Valley, at the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains. As of the 2010 census it had a popul ...

, in 1931, but dropped out after one year. She tried out several occupations before settling on interior design.

Transition and legal case

In 1940, Richards met Richard Wilcox, a transgender man, at a party, and asked him to marry her later that same day; he accepted. In October, she went to register for the

Selective Service System The Selective Service System (SSS) is an Independent agencies of the United States government, independent agency of the Federal government of the United States, United States government that maintains information on U.S. Citizenship of the Unite ...

, but was classified as unfit for military service and denied. In 1941, she filed a legal petition with the

Los Angeles County Superior Court The Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles, is the California superior court with jurisdiction over Los Angeles County, which includes the city of Los Angeles. It is the largest single unified trial court in the United States. The ...

to change her name to Barbara, effectively recognizing her as female. She minimized the fact that she was going through feminizing hormone therapy, instead portraying her transition as a mysterious natural occurrence. Her case generated widespread interest from national media outlets, which viewed it largely as a peculiar curiosity and emphasized its shock value. When Richards's marriage to Wilcox became public during her case, she told reporters she would have it annulled, which she did after she won.

Later life, death, and legacy

For the rest of her life, Richards adopted a quieter profile. She stayed together with Wilcox and their cat, and sometime before 1949, she married him again under their changed gender roles, taking his last name. In 1948, the couple purchased land in Martinez, California, and moved there to co-own a plant nursery. She received numerous letters from others who identified with her experience. In 1956, she underwent sex reassignment surgery. She died on September 9, 1962.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilcox, Barbara Ann 1912 births 1962 deaths American transgender women Pomona College alumni American interior designers People from Salem, Massachusetts People from Martinez, California 20th-century American LGBTQ people LGBTQ people from California