Banksia Paludosa

''Banksia paludosa'', commonly known as the marsh or swamp banksia, is a species of shrub in the plant genus ''Banksia''. It is native to New South Wales, Australia, where it is found between Sydney and Batemans Bay, with an isolated population further south around Eden. There are two recognised subspecies, the nominate of which is a spreading shrub to in height, and subsp. ''astrolux'' is a taller shrub to high found only in Nattai National Park.

Native mammals, such as the brown antechinus and sugar glider, are important pollinators of ''B. paludosa''. Several species of honeyeaters visit the flower spikes, as do ants and the European honey bee. The response to bushfire depends on the subspecies; subspecies ''paludosa'' regenerates from underground lignotubers, while plants of subspecies ''astrolux'' are killed by fire and regenerate from large stores of seed which have been held in cones in the plant canopy. ''B. paludosa'' is sometimes seen in cultivation, with dwarf forms being registered and sold.

Description

The two subspecies of ''Banksia paludosa'' are identical in foliage and flower, and differ only on their size, habit, and response to bushfire. ''Banksia paludosa'' subspecies ''paludosa'' is most commonly encountered as a spreading multistemmed shrub generally under high, or rarely . In heathland habitats such as Nadgee or Barren Grounds Nature Reserves, it may not exceed in height. At an exposed area such as Green Cape, it is reduced further to a prostrate shrub. This subspecies has a woody base, known as a lignotuber, which begins developing in the first year of life. ''Banksia paludosa'' subspecies ''astrolux'' is a more open non-lignotuberous shrub which reaches high.

The bark and foliage is rough and covered in multiplication signs, although the new growth is covered in fine hair. The stems are generally less than in diameter, and may be red or yellow when young. The leaves are alternate or whorled along the stems, and spear- to egg-shaped (lanceolate to obovate) in shape. They measure long and wide. The leaf margins are entire or have occasional serrations. The leaf undersurface is white, with a midrib. Flowering occurs over autumn and winter (April to July) and the flower spikes, known as inflorescences, arise from stems that are three or more years old. Cylindrical in shape, they are composed of a central woody spike or axis from which a large number of compact floral units arise perpendicularly to it, and are generally wide and high. The individual flowers are more openly spaced than those of other banksias, and this is especially evident in late bud. This, coupled with the tall thin shape of the flower spike, makes the species quite distinctive. The flower spikes are pale- to golden brown in bud, and open to a more gold colour after anthesis. Variations are seen, one form having a grey limb in bud, and plants with particularly tall flower spikes have been recorded near Huskisson at Jervis Bay. As with most banksias, in anthesis the opening of the individual buds proceeds up the flower spike from the base to the top (acropetal). The process from bud to the finishing of flowering takes six to eight weeks.

As they age, the flower spikes fade to grey, with the old flowers remaining for years. Up to 60 woody follicles develop on each spike, known in this stage as an infructescence. Narrow and elliptic, they measure long, high, and wide. Some follicles open spontaneously, but most remain closed until burnt by bushfire. Each follicle contains one or two fertile seeds, between which lies a woody dark brown separator of similar shape to the seeds. Measuring in length, the seed is obovate, and composed of a dark brown wide membranous "wing" and sickle-shaped (falcate) seed proper which measures long by wide. The seed surface can be smooth or covered in tiny ridges, and often glistens. The resulting seedling first grows two asymmetrical obovate cotyledon leaves measuring long by wide, which may remain for several months as several more leaves appear. The first pairs of leaves are oppositely arranged on the stem, have 3–4 "teeth" on their margins, and are narrowly obovate in shape. They are around , and each following pair of leaves is slightly larger.

The cotyledons of ''Banksia paludosa'', '' B. marginata'' and '' B. integrifolia'' are very similar in appearance. The foliages of larger shrubs of both ''Banksia paludosa'' subspecies resemble those of ''Banksia conferta'' subsp. ''penicillata'', but the latter has a wider inflorescence, and the buds are more crowded in appearance on the inflorescence before anthesis. ''Banksia paludosa'' also bears a superficial resemblance to '' B. oblongifolia'', but the latter has a prominent midrib on the leaf underside, the new growth is covered in rusty fur, and the old spikes are bare of flowers. The latter grows on dryer rocky soils while the former grows in wetter sandy soils.

Taxonomy

''Banksia paludosa'' was first described by Robert Brown in his 1810 ''On the Proteaceae of Jussieu'', and named ''Banksia paludosa''. In 1870, George Bentham demoted it to a variety of '' B. integrifolia'' (Coast Banksia), but in 1981 Alex George restored it to species rank. Its specific epithet is derived from the Latin noun ''palus'' "marsh", but is somewhat misleading, as it more often grows on sandstone ridges and heathland. Its common names, marsh banksia and swamp banksia, echo its scientific name.

Placement within ''Banksia''

The current taxonomic arrangement of the genus ''Banksia'' is based on botanist Alex George's 1999 monograph for the ''Flora of Australia'' book series. In this arrangement, ''B. paludosa'' is placed in ''Banksia'' subgenus ''Banksia'', because its inflorescences take the form of ''Banksia'''s characteristic flower spikes, section ''Banksia'' because of its straight styles, and series ''Salicinae'' because its inflorescences are cylindrical. In a morphological cladistic analysis published in 1994, Kevin Thiele placed it in the newly described subseries ''Integrifoliae'', within the series ''Salicinae''. However, this subgrouping of the ''Salicinae'' was not supported by George.

''B. paludosa'''s placement within ''Banksia'' may be summarised as follows:
:Genus ''Banksia''
::Subgenus '' Isostylis''
::Subgenus ''Banksia''
:::Section '' Oncostylis''
:::Section '' Coccinea''
:::Section ''Banksia''
::::Series '' Grandes''
::::Series ''Banksia''
::::Series '' Crocinae''
::::Series '' Prostratae''
::::Series ''Cyrtostylis''
::::Series '' Tetragonae''
::::Series '' Bauerinae''
::::Series '' Quercinae''
::::Series '' Salicinae''
:::::'' B. dentata'' – '' B. aquilonia'' – '' B. integrifolia'' – '' B. plagiocarpa'' – '' B. oblongifolia'' – '' B. robur'' – '' B. conferta'' – ''B. paludosa'' – '' B. marginata'' – '' B. canei'' – '' B. saxicola''

Since 1998, American botanist Austin Mast and co-authors have been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae, which then comprised genera ''Banksia'' and ''Dryandra''. Their analyses suggest a phylogeny that differs greatly from George's taxonomic arrangement. ''Banksia paludosa'' resolves as the closest relative, or "sister", to the three subspecies of ''B. integrifolia''. In 2007, Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus ''Banksia'' by merging ''Dryandra'' into it, and published ''B.'' subg. ''Spathulatae'' for the taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons; thus ''B.'' subg. ''Banksia'' was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon-shaped cotyledons. They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of ''Dryandra'' was complete; in the meantime, if Mast and Thiele's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement, ''B. paludosa'' is placed in ''B.'' subg. ''Spathulatae''.

Subspecies

Two subspecies are recognised. The more widespread subspecies ''paludosa'' is a lignotuberous shrub to high, while subspecies ''astrolux'', a rare plant known only from the Starlight Trail in Nattai National Park, is a non-lignotuberous shrub which reaches high. The latter was first recorded by contributors Brian Walters and Kevin Mills for ''The Banksia Atlas'' mapping project in the mid-1980s. They initially thought the plants were ''Banksia conferta'' subsp. ''penicillata'' until they observed the flower spikes typical of ''B. paludosa''. The subspecies was initially termed the Nattai River form of ''B. paludosa'', until it was formally named by George, who coined its species name from the Ancient Greek ''aster'' "star" and Latin ''lux'' "light", a translation of the place it was found.

Hybrids with ''Banksia marginata'' and ''B. integrifolia'' have been recorded at Nadgee Nature Reserve, where all three species occur. A study of an area of extensive hybridization between '' B. robur'' and ''B. oblongifolia'' at Barren Grounds Nature Reserve revealed some plants with morphology suggestive of ''B. paludosa'' in their parentage, and requiring further investigation.

Distribution and habitat

Both subspecies of ''Banksia paludosa'' are endemic to New South Wales. The nominate subspecies ''paludosa'' is found from Glen Davis through to the Sydney region and then south to Ulladulla on the South Coast, with a separate population in the vicinity of Eden just north of the Victorian border. It occurs inland as far as Taralga on the Southern Tablelands. It was collected in 1966 from Hat Head on the Mid North Coast by Lawrie Johnson, but has not been found there since despite field work in the area. This record aside, the northernmost historical coastal record is from what is now Centennial Park and La Perouse in Sydney's eastern suburbs, where it is now locally vanished. Subspecies ''astrolux'' is restricted to Nattai National Park in the Southern Highlands.

Both subspecies grow in nutrient-poor well-drained sandstone soils, in open woodland with trees such as Sydney peppermint (''Eucalyptus piperita''), silvertop ash ('' E. sieberi''), grey gum ('' E. punctata''), narrow-leaved stringybark ('' E. sparsifolia''), red bloodwood (''Corymbia gummifera'') and smooth-barked apple (''Angophora costata''), and in heathland with species such as dwarf banksia (''Banksia oblongifolia''), coral heath ('' Epacris microphylla''), and dagger hakea ('' Hakea teretifolia'').

Ecology

''Banksia paludosa'' subspecies ''paludosa'' is a slow-growing shrub which regenerates from bushfire by resprouting from its lignotuber. After fire, plants take around three years to flower significantly, but are flowering well by five years afterwards. Flowerhead numbers dwindle by fourteen years post bushfire. Plants are estimated to live to around 60 years of age. Seedlings also appear from seed dispersed after bushfire. All banksias have developed proteoid or cluster roots in response to the nutrient-poor conditions of Australian soils (particularly lacking in phosphorus).

The flower spikes of ''B. paludosa'' are unable to self-pollinate and require pollinators to set seed. A 1988 isozyme study showed very high rates of outcrossing; pollen from one plant is well-mixed among other plants in the locale. Nonflying mammals are important pollinators in heathland habitat, with the brown antechinus (''Antechinus stuartii'') a frequent visitor to flower spikes. The sugar glider (''Petaurus breviceps'') is another mammal pollinator. Bird species that have been observed foraging and feeding at the flowers include the red wattlebird (''Anthochaera carunculata''), yellow-faced honeyeater (''Lichenostomus chrysops''), white-eared honeyeater (''L. leucotis''), crescent honeyeater (''Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera''), New Holland honeyeater (''P. novaehollandiae''), and eastern spinebill (''Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris''). Insects recorded visiting flower spikes include the European honey bee and ants.

Cultivation

''Banksia paludosa'' was first introduced into cultivation in England in 1805. The species was grown at Kew, Cambridge Botanic Gardens, Woburn Abbey, Loddiges nursery in Hackney, John Miller's nursery in Bristol and George Hibbert's garden at Clapham Common. It was also grown in the Villa San Donato in Italy, in the collection of Anatoly Nikolaievich Demidov, 1st Prince of San Donato.

''B. paludosa'' is cultivated in Australian gardens, and does best with a sunny aspect and good drainage, in soils with a pH from 5.5 to 7.5. Slow growing, it flowers in 6 to 10 years from seed. It can be propagated by seed, which take around two weeks to germinate, or cutting. Low growing coastal (dwarf) forms which grow to are also commercially available, and should be propagated by cutting to preserve features. Noting the flower spikes to be "rather dull", plant author John Wrigley has described the species as "not a spectacular garden plant", although its foliage has been described as "attractive". A form from Jervis Bay with large orange flower spikes was deemed by amateur botanist and banksia enthusiast Alf Salkin to have horticultural potential.

References

External links

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Banksia Paludosa
paludosa
Flora of New South Wales
Plants described in 1810
Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)