Banksia Fraseri

''Banksia fraseri'' is a species of shrub that is endemic to Western Australia. It has hairy stems, broadly linear pinnatisect leaves with between four and eighteen sharply-pointed lobes on each side, between eighty and one hundred pink to cream-coloured flowers and wedge-shaped follicles.

Description

''Banksia fraseri'' has a variable habit, ranging from a very low, almost prostrate lignotuberous shrub in ''B. fraseri'' var. ''crebra'' and ''B. fraseri'' var. ''effusa'', to an upright non-lignotuberous shrub up to six metres high in ''B. fraseri'' var. ''oxycedra''. Young stems are covered in a mat of coarse hairs, but these are lost as the stems age. The leaves are from five to ten centimetres long, and eight to 40 millimetres wide; pinnatisect, with 4 to 18 narrow lobes on each side; on a petiole up to three centimetres long.

Flowers occur in the dome-shaped head characteristic of ''B.'' ser. ''Dryandra''. These occur at the end of branches or on short laterals, and consist of from 80 to 100 individual densely packed together and surrounded by a short involucre of narrow, tapering bracts. The hairless tips of these bracts are quite prominent; this is a distinctive characteristic of this species. As in all Proteaceae, individual flowers consist of a tubular perianth made up of four united tepals fused with the anthers, and one long wiry pistil. The pistil end is initially trapped inside the upper perianth parts, but breaks free at anthesis. In ''B. fraseri'', the perianth is 24–28 millimetres long, and pink to cream in colour; and the style 30–42 mm long and cream-coloured. The fruit is a woody follicle firmly embedded in the woody base of the flower head, and usually containing two winged seeds. In this species each head may set an unusually large number of follicles.

Taxonomy

Specimens of ''B. fraseri'' were first collected by Charles Fraser during James Stirling's 1827 expedition to explore the Swan River in what is now Western Australia. The species was described three years later in Robert Brown's ''Supplementum primum Prodromi florae Novae Hollandiae'', and given the name ''Dryandra fraseri''. In Brown's arrangement of ''Dryandra'', ''D. fraseri'' was placed in the subgenus '' Dryandra verae'' because it has a single seed separator per follicle.

Brown's arrangement remained current until 1856, when Carl Meissner published his revision of the genus. Meissner retained ''D. fraseri'' in Brown's ''Dryandra verae'' (which had since been renamed ''D.'' sect. ''Eudryandra''), and further placed it in a group of unspecified rank, which he named ''D.'' § ''Pectinatae''.

The 1870 arrangement of George Bentham discarded Meissner's groups, which were defined in terms of leaf shape, and thus heterogenerous. He instead placed ''D. fraseri'' in the newly erected ''D.'' ser. ''Armatae'' because of its tendency for flowers to occur terminal on a branch, and subtended by long floral leaves.

A synonym, ''Josephia fraseri'', arises from Otto Kuntze's 1891 transfer of the genus ''Dryandra'' (now ''Banksia'' ser. ''Dryandra'') into ''Josephia'', on the grounds that ''Josephia'' Knight had priority over ''Dryandra'' R.Br.. This transfer was rejected.

In 1996, Alex George published the first modern-day arrangement of ''Dryandra''. He placed ''D. fraseri'' alone in a new series, ''Dryandra'' ser. ''Folliculosae'', from the Latin ''folliculosus'' ("follicle") and ''-osus'' ("abundance") in reference to the unusually high number of follicles per infructescence in this species. Three varieties were recognised, the autonym ''D. fraseri'' var. ''fraseri''; ''D. fraseri'' var. ''ashbyi'', a demotion of Brian Laurence Burtt ''D. ashbyi''; and a new variety, ''D. fraseri'' var. ''oxycedra''. In 2005, George described two further varieties, ''D. fraseri'' var. ''crebra'' and ''D. fraseri'' var. ''effusa''.

The placement of ''D. fraseri'' in George's arrangement of ''Dryandra'', with 1999 and 2005 amendments, may be summarised as follows:
:''Dryandra'' (now ''Banksia'' ser. ''Dryandra'')
:: ''D.'' subg. ''Dryandra''
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Floribundae'' (1 species, 4 varieties)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Armatae'' (21 species, 7 subspecies, 4 varieties)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Marginatae'' (1 species)
:::''D.'' ser. ''Folliculosae''
::::''D. fraseri'' (now ''Banksia fraseri'')
:::::''D. fraseri'' var. ''fraseri'' (now ''Banksia fraseri'' var. ''fraseri'')
:::::''D. fraseri'' var. ''ashbyi'' (now ''Banksia fraseri'' var. ''ashbyi'')
:::::''D. fraseri'' var. ''oxycedra'' (now ''Banksia fraseri'' var. ''oxycedra'')
:::::''D. fraseri'' var. ''crebra'' (now ''Banksia fraseri'' var. ''crebra'')
:::::''D. fraseri'' var. ''effusa'' (now ''Banksia fraseri'' var. ''effusa'')
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Acrodontae'' (4 species, 2 varieties)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Capitellatae'' (2 species, 2 subspecies)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Ilicinae'' (3 species, 2 varieties)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Dryandra'' (3 species, 2 subspecies)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Foliosae'' (3 species, 2 subspecies)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Decurrentes'' (1 species)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Tenuifoliae'' (2 species, 2 varieties)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Runcinatae'' (4 species, 7 subspecies)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Triangulares'' (3 species, 3 subspecies)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Aphragma'' (9 species, 3 subspecies)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Ionthocarpae'' (1 species, 2 subspecies)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Inusitatae'' (1 species)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Subulatae'' (1 species)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Gymnocephalae'' (11 species, 4 subspecies, 2 varieties)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Plumosae'' (3 species, 2 subspecies)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Concinnae'' (3 species)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Obvallatae'' (7 species, 2 varieties)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Pectinatae'' (1 species)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Acuminatae'' (1 species)
::: ''D.'' ser. ''Niveae''
:: ''D.'' subg. ''Hemiclidia'' (2 species)
:: ''D.'' subg. ''Diplophragma'' (1 species)

George's arrangement remained current until February 2007, when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele transferred ''Dryandra'' into ''Banksia''. They also published ''B.'' subg. ''Spathulatae'' for the ''Banksia'' taxa having spoon-shaped cotyledons, thus redefining ''B.'' subg. ''Banksia'' as comprising those that do not. They were not ready, however, to tender an infrageneric arrangement encompassing ''Dryandra'', so as an interim measure they transferred ''Dryandra'' into ''Banksia'' at series rank. This minimised the nomenclatural disruption of the transfer, but also caused George's rich infrageneric arrangement to be set aside. Thus under the interim arrangements implemented by Mast and Thiele, ''B. fraseri'' is placed in ''B.'' subg. ''Banksia'', ser. ''Dryandra''.

Initially, Mast and Thiele overlooked the ''Dryandra'' taxa published by George in 2005, so that for a time ''D. fraseri'' var. ''crebra'' and ''D. fraseri'' var. ''effusa'' had no name under ''Banksia''. This omission was rectified in December of that year.

Distribution and habitat

''Banksia fraseri'' ranges from Kalbarri in the north to Cranbrook in the south and as far inland as Kellerberrin. It grows in shrubland, woodland and kwongan.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q4856608

fraseri
Endemic flora of Western Australia
Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)
Plants described in 1830
Taxa named by Kevin Thiele