)
, translit_lang1 = Other
, translit_lang1_type1 =
Jawi
, translit_lang1_info1 = بنجر ماسين
, settlement_type =
City
A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
, motto = ''Kayuh Baimbai'' (
Banjarese: 'Rowing Together')
, image_skyline =
, image_caption = Clockwise from top: Banjarmasin seen from above, Soetji Nurani Chinese Temple, Banjarmasin watchtower, and Banjarmasin floating market.
, image_flag = Flag of Banjarmasin City.png
, image_shield = Lambang Kota Banjarmasin.gif
, image_map =
, mapsize =
, map_caption = Interactive map outlining Banjarmasin
, pushpin_map = Indonesia
, pushpin_label_position = right
, pushpin_map_caption = Location within Indonesia
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name =
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
, subdivision_type1 = Province
, subdivision_name1 =
South Kalimantan
, leader_title = Mayor
, leader_name = Ibnu Sina
, established_title = Established
, established_date = 24 September 1526
, area_magnitude =
, area_total_km2 = 98.46
, area_total_sq_mi =
, area_land_km2 =
, area_land_sq_mi =
, area_water_km2 =
, area_water_sq_mi =
, area_water_percent =
, area_urban_km2 =
, area_urban_sq_mi =
, area_metro_km2 = 3,404.46
, area_metro_sq_mi =
, population_as_of = 2020
, population_note =
, population_total = 657,663
, population_density_km2 = auto
, population_density_sq_mi = auto
, population_metro = 2,184,427
, population_density_metro_km2 = auto
, population_density_metro_sq_mi = auto
, grand total of population =
, timezone =
WITA
WITA (1490 AM, "Inspiration 1490") is a Christian radio station located in Knoxville, Tennessee. It broadcasts a Christian format with some conservative talk shows and news from the USA Radio Network.
In the late 1960s into the mid-1970s, WITA ...
, utc_offset = +8
, timezone_DST =
, utc_offset_DST =
, coordinates =
, elevation_m = 1
, elevation_ft =
, area_code = +62 511
, blank_name_sec1 =
HDI
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income indicators, wh ...
(2019)
, blank_info_sec1 = 0.772 ()
, website =
, footnotes =
, leader_title1 = Vice Mayor
, leader_name1 = Hermansyah
Banjarmasin is a
city
A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
in
South Kalimantan,
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
. It was the capital of the province until 15 February 2022. The city is located on a
delta
Delta commonly refers to:
* Delta (letter) (Δ or δ), a letter of the Greek alphabet
* River delta, at a river mouth
* D ( NATO phonetic alphabet: "Delta")
* Delta Air Lines, US
* Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19
Delta may also ...
island near the junction of the
Barito and
Martapura rivers. Historically the centre of the
Banjarese culture, and the capital of the
Sultanate of Banjar
Sultanate of Banjar or Sultanate of Banjarmasin ( Banjar: كسلطانن بنجر, Kasultanan Banjar) was a sultanate located in what is today the South Kalimantan Province of Indonesia. For most of its history, its capital was at Banjarmasi ...
, it is the biggest city in
South Kalimantan and one of main cities of
Kalimantan
Kalimantan () is the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo. It constitutes 73% of the island's area. The non-Indonesian parts of Borneo are Brunei and East Malaysia. In Indonesia, "Kalimantan" refers to the whole island of Borneo.
In 2019, ...
. The city covers an area of and had population of 657,663 in 2020.
Greater Banjarmasin, also known as Banjarbakula, is an urban agglomeration of around two million people covering an area of , which includes
Banjarbaru
Banjarbaru is the capital city of South Kalimantan, one of the provinces in Indonesia. It is located southeast of Banjarmasin, the largest city of the province. The city had a population of 248,423 as of the 2017 Census, and the latest officia ...
, parts of
Banjar Regency
Banjar Regency is one of the eleven regencies in the Indonesian province of South Kalimantan; the capital is Martapura. It covers an area of 4,668.5 km2, and had a population of 506,839 at the 2010 Census, 553,721 at the 2015 Census and ...
,
Barito Kuala Regency, and
Tanah Laut Regency and accounts for almost half of the province's population. It is the third most populous city on the island of
Borneo
Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and eas ...
.
Banjarmasin was the ''
de jure
In law and government, ''de jure'' ( ; , "by law") describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. In contrast, ("in fact") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legally ...
'' seat of the South Kalimantan governor and the location of the provincial parliament, although some provincial buildings have been relocated to Banjarbaru.
On 15 February 2022, the capital of South Kalimantan province was
legally moved to Banjarbaru.
History
Etymology
"Banjarmasin" is thought to be a corrupted version of "Bandar Masih" (Port Masih), which was named for Patih Masih, who ruled the port and the surrounding villages. Patih Masih's name may have been a nickname. ''Masih'' originates from the
Ngaju language
Ngaju (also Ngaju Dayak or Dayak Ngaju) is an Austronesian language spoken along the Kapuas, Kahayan, Katingan, and Mentaya Rivers in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southea ...
. ''Oloh Masi'' refers to the coastal-dwelling Malay population in the language of the
Dayaks
The Dayak (; older spelling: Dajak) or Dyak or Dayuh are one of the native groups of Borneo. It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic groups, located principally in the central and southern interior of Borneo, each w ...
, who lived in the interior and visited the port regularly to trade. Some of the Dayaks eventually settled in the port. They eventually contributed to the culture of the
Banjar people, along with the
Javanese and
Malays.
Early history
![Komplek Makam Sultan Suriansyah](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Komplek_Makam_Sultan_Suriansyah.jpg)
European archeologist H. Kupper discovered several prehistoric sites around the region in 1939 and found implements such as
choppers
Chopper may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* ''Chopper'' (comics), a horror comic book mini-series
* ''Chopper'' (film), a 2000 Australian film by and about Mark "Chopper" Read
* Chopper (''Judge Dredd''), a character in British comics anth ...
and other stone tools. Most of the artifacts found around the region and the province show signs of
Neolithic
The Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, is an Old World archaeological period and the final division of the Stone Age. It saw the Neolithic Revolution, a wide-ranging set of developments that appear to have arisen independently in several parts ...
culture. Migration from mainland Asia to Borneo may have been common while they were connected by the
Sunda Shelf
Geologically, the Sunda Shelf is a south-eastern extension of the continental shelf of Mainland Southeast Asia. Major landmasses on the shelf include the Bali, Borneo, Java, Madura, and Sumatra, as well as their surrounding smaller islands. ...
. Many stone tools have been found in Awang Bangkal, from the city.
Until the early 15th century, there were few written records found from the region. Outside records indicate it was home to several kingdoms such as
Tanjungpuri—theorized to have been founded by Malay people from
Srivijaya—and
Negara Daha
Negara Daha was a Hindu kingdom successor of Negara Dipa that appears in the Hikayat Banjar. It was located in what is now the Regency of Hulu Sungai Selatan, Province of South Kalimantan, Republic of Indonesia.
Early establishment
Before the fo ...
and
Dipa, which were founded by Javanese people from
Majapahit
Majapahit ( jv, ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀; ), also known as Wilwatikta ( jv, ꦮꦶꦭ꧀ꦮꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦠ; ), was a Javanese people, Javanese Hinduism, Hindu-Buddhism, Buddhist thalassocracy, thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia that was ba ...
.
Hinduism
Hinduism () is an Indian religion or '' dharma'', a religious and universal order or way of life by which followers abide. As a religion, it is the world's third-largest, with over 1.2–1.35 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global p ...
and
Buddhism
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and gra ...
entered the region between the first and 15th centuries. There are two ''
candis'' (temples) left in the region, Candi Laras and Candi Agung. The
Ma'anyan people
Ma'anyan (colonial spelling Maanjan or Meanjan), Dayak Maanyan or Eastern Barito Dayak people are a sub-ethnic group of the Dayak people indigenous to Borneo. They are also considered as part of the east Barito Dusun group with the name Dusun Ma ...
may have ruled the oldest kingdom in the archipelago,
Nan Sarunai
Nan or NAN may refer to:
Places China
* Nan County, Yiyang, Hunan, China
* Nan Commandery, historical commandery in Hubei, China
Thailand
* Nan Province
** Nan, Thailand, the administrative capital of Nan Province
* Nan River
People Given name
...
. Its existence is disputed;
speculated by archeologists based on several carved stone tombs and a Ma'anyan folk song called "Usak Jawa", which is thought to tell the story of the Majapahit conquest of the kingdom.
The history of Banjarmasin itself began during the founding of the
Sultanate of Banjar
Sultanate of Banjar or Sultanate of Banjarmasin ( Banjar: كسلطانن بنجر, Kasultanan Banjar) was a sultanate located in what is today the South Kalimantan Province of Indonesia. For most of its history, its capital was at Banjarmasi ...
. According to folk stories and the ''
Hikayat Banjar
The Hikayat Banjar (حكاية بنجر) is the chronicle of Banjarmasin, Indonesia. This text, also called the History of Lambung Mangkurat, contains the history of the kings of Banjar and of Kotawaringin in southeast and south Borneo respective ...
'', Sukarama, the fourth king of Negara Daha, wanted his grandson, Raden Samudra, to be his successor in the kingdom instead of his direct son Prince Tumenggung. Prince Tumenggung later banished Raden Samudra and tried to reclaim the throne for himself. Raden Samudra fled to the region that would later be known as Banjarmasin. There, he met Patih Masih. Under Samudra's leadership, the port grew into the town of Bandar Masih.
Tumenggung, who disliked Samudra's growing power, wanted to invade the town. Samudra allied with the
Demak Sultanate
The Demak Sultanate (کسلطانن دمق) was a Javanese Muslim state located on Java's north coast in Indonesia, at the site of the present-day city of Demak. A port fief to the Hindu-Buddhist Majapahit kingdom thought to have been founded in ...
, which agreed to help him. In return he would have to convert to Islam if he won. With the help of expeditionary forces from Demak, Samudra defeated the Tumenggung forces and proclaimed the Banjar Sultanate. He changed his name to Sultan Suriansyah I. The sultanate became more reliant on the Demak to the point that it was considered their protectorate. However, between 1546 and 1550, as conquests and the
spice trade enriched the sultanate, it became independent and stopped sending tributes to Java.
Colonial era
![1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/1._ZM_Stoomschip_Celebes_in_gevecht_met_een_Kota_Mara_6_aug_1859_Poeloe_Kananat_opgenomen.jpg)
The first contact between Europeans and the Banjar people in the region came through trade. Starting in 1596, this mostly took place in
Banten
Banten ( id, Banten; Sundanese: , romanized ''Banten'') is the westernmost province on the island of Java, Indonesia. Its capital city is Serang. The province borders West Java and the Special Capital Region of Jakarta on the east, the Ja ...
. European traders, largely
Dutch
Dutch commonly refers to:
* Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands
* Dutch people ()
* Dutch language ()
Dutch may also refer to:
Places
* Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States
* Pennsylvania Dutch Country
People E ...
, did not bother visiting the port until Banten's rulers banned them. The traders resorted to attacking ships from other countries, including ships under the Banjar Sultanate, to steal
nutmeg
Nutmeg is the seed or ground spice of several species of the genus ''Myristica''. ''Myristica fragrans'' (fragrant nutmeg or true nutmeg) is a dark-leaved evergreen tree cultivated for two spices derived from its fruit: nutmeg, from its seed, an ...
. The Sultan took revenge against a Dutch ship visiting Banjarmasin on 17 July 1607 by hijacking it and massacring the crew. Similar incidents occurred several times between 1603 and 1636, ending when the sultanate reached a trade agreement that put the
Dutch East India Company
The United East India Company ( nl, Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie, the VOC) was a chartered company established on the 20th March 1602 by the States General of the Netherlands amalgamating existing companies into the first joint-stock ...
in control of the nutmeg trade from the sultanate and gave it a monopoly over trade in Banjarmasin. The company was expelled in 1638, however, after the sultan waged a war against the Dutch and burned much of the company's possessions around the port.
Similarly, an English company agreed upon a treaty with the sultanate in 1698 but was expelled from the region in 1707. The region was under British control after the
Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of Fren ...
, but the British ceded it the Dutch East Indies Company under the
Treaty of London.
A succession crisis between Sultan Adam and Tamjidillah II and a dispute over resource control of coal mines resulted in a war between the sultanate and the Dutch East Indies Company which led to the end of the sultanate in 1863. The war continued until 1905 under an emergency government set up by the sultanate called Pagustian. The last resistance was put down with the capture of Queen Zaleha in 1906.
As a result of the war, many Banjar people from Borneo migrated to
Sumatra
Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...
,
Singapore
Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, borde ...
, and
Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
and formed communities there.
20th century–present
![Japanese attack on Borneo, 1941-1942](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Japanese_attack_on_Borneo%2C_1941-1942.jpg)
When
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
broke out, the city was occupied by the
Imperial Japanese Army
The was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor o ...
. After the
Battle of Banjarmasin, control was transferred to the
Imperial Japanese Navy
The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; Kyūjitai: Shinjitai: ' 'Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire', or ''Nippon Kaigun'', 'Japanese Navy') was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's surrender ...
. Locals described Japanese rule under the navy as harsher compared to the army. This led many people to escape to
Java
Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's List ...
, which remained under army rule. The city was liberated by Australian forces in September 1945. The return of Dutch rule, however, was opposed by the people and resulted in the
Kalimantan Physical Revolution, four years of war between Indonesian nationalists and the
Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army ( nl, Koninklijk Nederlands Indisch Leger; KNIL, ) was the military force maintained by the Kingdom of the Netherlands in its colony of the Dutch East Indies, in areas that are now part of Indonesia. Th ...
. This ended with the
Dutch recognition of Indonesia in 1949. The city was briefly assigned as the capital of
Great Dayak
Great Dayak ( id, Dayak Besar, old spelling ; nl, Grote Dajak) was a component entity of the United States of Indonesia in Dayak regions on the island of Borneo. It was established on 7 December 1946 with a temporary capital at Bandjerm ...
federal state before being absorbed into a single Kalimantan province. It later became the capital city of the newly formed South Kalimantan province.
Frequent flooding led to a plan to relocate the provincial capital city to
Banjarbaru
Banjarbaru is the capital city of South Kalimantan, one of the provinces in Indonesia. It is located southeast of Banjarmasin, the largest city of the province. The city had a population of 248,423 as of the 2017 Census, and the latest officia ...
. The process continued until 2011, and the provincial parliament remains in Banjarmasin. Banjarmasin was granted city status by the Indonesian government in 1959 under Law Number 27 of 1959.
On 23 May 1997, the city witnessed
a riot caused by friction between supporters of the
United Development Party
The United Development Party ( id, Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, sometimes translated as Development Unity Party; abbreviated PPP) is an Islam-basedAl-Hamdi, Ridho. (2013). ''Partai politik Islam: Teori dan praktik di Indonesia''. Yogyakarta: Grah ...
and
Golkar
)
, foundation =
, youth = AMPG (Golkar Party Young Force)
, women = KPPG (Golkar Party Women's Corps)
, newspaper = ''Suara Karya'' (1971–2016)
, headquarters = Jakarta
, ideology ...
. The riot later developed into looting, which targeted Chinese and Christian minorities and several shopping malls. The riot today is known by locals as ''Jumat Kelabu'' or Grey Friday. On 15 February 2022, the capital of South Kalimantan province was legally moved to Banjarbaru.
Geography
Banjarmasin is located in the
Barito River
The Barito River is the second longest river in Borneo after the Kapuas River with a total length of and with a drainage basin of in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It originates in the Muller Mountain Range, from where it flows southward in ...
's basin and is bisected by the
Martapura River
The Martapura River ( id, Sungai Martapura) is a river of southeast Borneo, Indonesia. It is a tributary of the Barito River. Other names for the river are Banjar Kecil River or Kayutangi River and due to many activities of Chinese merchants i ...
. The slope of the city is 0.13% and the land is generally flat and low-lying. The geological foundation of the city is dominated by
clay
Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin, Al2 Si2 O5( OH)4).
Clays develop plasticity when wet, due to a molecular film of water surrounding the clay par ...
and
sandstone
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks.
Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates) ...
, but also includes
alluvial
Alluvium (from Latin ''alluvius'', from ''alluere'' 'to wash against') is loose clay, silt, sand, or gravel that has been deposited by running water in a stream bed, on a floodplain, in an alluvial fan or beach, or in similar settings. Alluv ...
sediments from the river. Several smaller rivers, all connected to either the Martapura River or Barito River, form a
dendritic drainage
In geomorphology, drainage systems, also known as river systems, are the patterns formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. They are governed by the topography of land, whether a particular region is dominated by har ...
pattern. The city's river system is
affected by tides. The city is located in a swampy region and is generally below water level, making it prone to being flooded by
tidal bores
Tidal is the adjectival form of tide.
Tidal may also refer to:
* ''Tidal'' (album), a 1996 album by Fiona Apple
* Tidal (king), a king involved in the Battle of the Vale of Siddim
* TidalCycles, a live coding environment for music
* Tidal (servic ...
.
The area of city proper is , around 0.26% of the provincial area.
It borders the
Barito Kuala Regency in the north and west and the
Banjar Regency
Banjar Regency is one of the eleven regencies in the Indonesian province of South Kalimantan; the capital is Martapura. It covers an area of 4,668.5 km2, and had a population of 506,839 at the 2010 Census, 553,721 at the 2015 Census and ...
in the east and south.
Climate
Banjarmasin has a
tropical savanna climate
Tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate is a tropical climate sub-type that corresponds to the Köppen climate classification categories ''Aw'' (for a dry winter) and ''As'' (for a dry summer). The driest month has less than of p ...
(Aw) with heavy rainfall from November to June and moderate rainfall from July to October. The monthly temperature is within range between to with an average maximum temperature of and average minimum temperature of . However, there is a slight variation of seasonal temperatures because of
monsoons
A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal oscill ...
. Precipitation can reach between and yearly, with an average level of . The hottest months are between March and September when the temperature can reach an average as high as . The average amount of sunshine is 2.8 hours per day during the
rainy season
The rainy season is the time of year when most of a region's average annual rainfall occurs.
Rainy Season may also refer to:
* ''Rainy Season'' (short story), a 1989 short horror story by Stephen King
* "Rainy Season", a 2018 song by Monni
* '' ...
and 6.5 hours during the
dry season
The dry season is a yearly period of low rainfall, especially in the tropics. The weather in the tropics is dominated by the tropical rain belt, which moves from the northern to the southern tropics and back over the course of the year. The te ...
.
January is the wettest month, with air humidity sitting between 75 and 90% in January; September is the driest, with humidity of 52% in September.
Governance
Administrative division
The city is divided into five
districts
A district is a type of administrative division that, in some countries, is managed by the local government. Across the world, areas known as "districts" vary greatly in size, spanning regions or counties, several municipalities, subdivisions o ...
(''kecamatan''). The most densely populated district is Central Banjarmasin with a density of 13,155 per square kilometer while the least densely populated district is South Banjarmasin with density of 4,281 per square kilometer. , South, North, and East Banjarmasin district experienced population growth—South and North both by 1.10% and East by 0.58%; Central and West Banjarmasin both experienced declines of 0.46%. Their populations were:
*South Banjarmasin (163,948)
*North Banjarmasin (150,883)
*East Banjarmasin (118,389)
*West Banjarmasin (136,964)
*Central Banjarmasin (87,479)
Local government
As with all
Indonesian cities, Banjarmasin is a second-level administrative division run by a mayor and a vice mayor together with the city parliament, and is equivalent to a
regency
A regent (from Latin : ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state '' pro tempore'' (Latin: 'for the time being') because the monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge the powers and duties of the monarchy ...
. Executive power is vested in the mayor and vice mayor, while legislative duties are vested in the local parliament. The mayor, vice mayor, and parliament members are directly elected by the people of the city in an election. Heads of districts are appointed by the mayor on the recommendation of the city secretary.
Politics
On the provincial level, Banjarmasin is part of South Kalimantan's first electoral district, which has 8 out of 55 representatives. On the city level, the city is divided into five electoral districts, which have a total of 45 parliamentary representatives.
The last election was in 2019 and
the next one is scheduled for 2024.
Economy
![Gedung BCA Banjarmasin](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Gedung_BCA_Banjarmasin.jpg)
The city's economy is dominated by manufacturing, which accounts for 17.19% of its
gross regional product
Gross regional product (GRP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all final goods and services produced in a region or subdivision of a country in a period (quarterly or yearly) of time.
A metropolitan area's GRP (gross metropolitan prod ...
(GRP) as of 2020. The second largest sector is trade, which accounts for 12.57% of the city's GRP, followed by the finance sector at 12.29%. The agriculture sector is small, contributing only 2.43% of city's GRP. Mining is nonexistent within the city, in stark contrast to neighbouring regions. In 2019, economic growth was 6.38%. However, in 2020 there was an economic downturn caused by the
COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identif ...
, resulting in a decrease of 1.91%. The city imports of goods through its main port, the
Port of Trisakti, and exports of goods . Movement of goods increased 92.24% between 2018 and 2019. Banjarmasin experienced 4.15% yearly inflation in 2019.
Industry
Around 62% of industry in Banjarmasin is focused on food and drink processing and related products. This includes bread, flour, and soybean sauce production. Other industries include rubber and plastic manufacturing, which account for about 15% of the city's industrial output. The rest of the industrial output is from machinery, pharmaceuticals, paper products, and electrical equipment.
There are 3,014 industrial companies registered in the city as of 2020, employing a total of 22,063 people. There are also smaller-scale industries producing wood furniture, clothing, and snacks, with 88 registered smaller-scale businesses in these sectors as of 2020.
Tourism
The city has 129 hotels registered as of 2020. The city was visited by 109,653 domestic tourists and 251 foreign tourists that year. According to Statistics Indonesia, in 2020 there were 113 identified potential tourist spots in the city. Tourism, however, remains a small sector in the city's economy.
Finance
The finance sector in general has been grew steadily from 2015 to 2019, with an annual growth of around 3%. Basic financial services account for 67% of this sector, followed by pension funds and insurance services with 14.94%. The city accounts for 67.61% of financial activities in the entire province, both in local and foreign currencies.
Demographics
![GKE Eppata Banjarmasin](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/GKE_Eppata_Banjarmasin.jpg)
According to
Statistics Indonesia
Statistics Indonesia ( id, Badan Pusat Statistik, BPS, ), is a non-departmental government institute of Indonesia that is responsible for conducting statistical surveys. Its main customer is the government, but statistical data is also availabl ...
, a resident of the city is defined as "someone who resides within the city for at least 6 months or less than 6 months but with intention to settle". The estimated number of residents in 2020 was 657,663 with a
sex ratio
The sex ratio (or gender ratio) is usually defined as the ratio of males to females in a population. As explained by Fisher's principle, for evolutionary reasons this is typically about 1:1 in species which reproduce sexually. Many species devia ...
of 100.36 male per 100 female. 47.87% of the city population resides in the South and North Banjarmasin districts. As with most of Indonesian cities, the population is young and consists of a workforce within the reproductive age of above 15, which in the city is around 62.07% of the city's population in 2020, or 331,526 people. Annual population growth was 0.44% between 2010 and 2020. East and Central Banjarmasin district. however, has a sex ratio of 98.84 and 97.47 male per 100 female respectively, which means both districts have more female residents than males. This differs from the city average. The city's dominant religion is
Islam
Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic Monotheism#Islam, monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God in Islam, God (or ...
, with a minority of
Protestant
Protestantism is a Christian denomination, branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Reformation, Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century agai ...
s,
Catholics
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
,
Hindus
Hindus (; ) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism.Jeffery D. Long (2007), A Vision for Hinduism, IB Tauris, , pages 35–37 Historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for ...
,
Buddhists
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and gra ...
,
Confucianists, and
animist
Animism (from Latin: ' meaning 'breath, Soul, spirit, life') is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct Spirituality, spiritual essence. Potentially, animism perceives all things—Animal, animals, Plant, plants, Ro ...
religions. Muslims make up around 95% of the city's population, followed by Christians (both Catholics and Protestants) at around 3%; other religions combined total about 2%.
Most of the city's population identifies as Banjarese—79,26% did so in 2010. Other ethnicities include Javanese with 10.27%,
Madurese with 3.17%,
Chinese Indonesian with 1.56%,
Dayak with 0.92%, and
Bugis
The Bugis people (pronounced ), also known as Buginese, are an ethnicity—the most numerous of the three major linguistic and ethnic groups of South Sulawesi (the others being Makassar and Toraja), in the south-western province of Sulawe ...
with 0.6%.
[''Profil dan Analisis Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010 dan Proyeksi Penduduk 2010-2020 Kota Banjarmasin''] There is also an Arabic population that date back to Sultanate and colonial era.
Education
The literacy rate in 2020 was 98.94%. There are 311 kindergartens, 208 elementary schools, 35 junior high schools, and 29 senior high schools as of 2020. There are also 22 vocational high schools in the city. The city is home to more than 25 higher education institutions and universities. One of the most notable, which is also a public university, is the
Lambung Mangkurat University. The university has more than 2,000 graduates every year—most of them majoring in teaching and science education, followed by economics and business, engineering, agricultural science, and medical subjects. In 2020, there were 700 postgraduate students. A developed education system and the existence of educational institutions attract students from neighbouring regions to pursue their education in the city.
Other notable private universities, such as the Muhammad Arsyad Al-Banjari Kalimantan Islamic University, have the greatest number of students. According to Indonesian Statistics, in 2020 there 11,854 male and 8,189 female students. The school participation rate was 97.91% as of 2020.
Healthcare
![Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Ulin](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Rumah_Sakit_Umum_Daerah_Ulin.jpg)
The city has eight hospitals and 34 polyclinics as of 2020. There are also 26 ''
puskesmas
Puskesmas ( id, Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat, ) are government-mandated community health clinics located across Indonesia. They are overseen by the Indonesian Ministry of Health and provide healthcare for the population on sub-district level. ...
'' (community healthcare centres), 26 healthcare centres, and 47 pharmacies. The main and largest hospital in the city is Ulin Regional Hospital, which is owned by the provincial government; it is classified as an A-type hospital by the Ministry of Health. Life expectancy in the city as of 2020 was 71.13 years, which is significantly above the provincial average.
As of 2020, 511,118 people of the total city population of 657,663 are registered in the
BPJS Kesehatan
BPJS Kesehatan (''Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan'', Social Security Agency of Health) is a social security agency of Indonesia aimed at providing universal health care to its citizens. BPJS Kesehatan is one of two social security age ...
, government-mandated social insurance which covers certain healthcare costs.
89% of newborn babies in 2020 were vaccinated with basic vaccines such as
polio vaccine
Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). Two types are used: an inactivated poliovirus given by injection (IPV) and a weakened poliovirus given by mouth (OPV). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends all chi ...
,
MMR vaccine, and
Hepatitis B vaccine. Around 95% of newborn babies are born inside a healthcare or maternity facility, while 99.98% of births are assisted by healthcare workers.
Culture and entertainment
Banjarese culture
![Haul Guru Sekumpul](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Haul_Guru_Sekumpul.jpg)
The city's dominant culture is that of the
Banjar people, which have characteristics described as those of a "river culture" and are influenced by other ethnicities such as Dayak, Javanese, Malay, Arab, and even Persian. Despite being a Muslim majority, the Banjar people still hold on to the importance of cultural parts that have been influenced by their Hindu-Buddhist past. This includes the ''Malanuh'' ceremony, which is an offering to supernatural beings. One annual event that is celebrated widely by the people of the city is
Haul Guru Sekumpul, an event commemorating the death of a charismatic ''ulema'' from the region,
Zaini Abdul Ghani.
Another famous cultural sight in the city is a floating market located on the Kuin River and Lok Baintan. People meet on the river after
''Fajr'' prayer until around 07:00 pm and transactions with the merchants are done from small boats. Small snacks, vegetables, fruits, meat, and many other groceries are sold at the market. This market is dying, however, and the number of merchants has declined because of the shift from river culture to land culture and competition with regular land markets. The city is home to a cultural center building surrounded by a cultural park where traditional artists can often be seen performing. The building and its surrounding has been used regularly to hold cultural events to preserve Banjarese culture, as well as to facilitate local artists.
City parks
![Siring Banjarmasin at night](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Siring_Banjarmasin_at_night.jpg)
There are several city parks and public spaces in the city, one of the most notable being Siring Park, located in the center of the city. Sometimes referred to by locals as "0 Kilometer Park", the park is located on the shores of the Martapura River and also acts as a waterfront for the river with docks for small boats in the river. Facilities in the park include a watchtower, several gazebos, pedestrian roads, and skateboard parks. In front of the park, there is an urban bus stop used by both Trans Banjarmasin &
BRT Banjarbakula bus companies. In addition, the park includes one of the city's landmarks, a statue of a ''
bekantan'' (Proboscis monkey) which is a native primate in the region. The park is also a center for street foods in the city during dusk.
Other city parks include Kamboja Park, Bungas Banjarmasin Park, and Banua Anyar Public Space. Located from the city center, Banua Anyar Public Space is specifically designed for toddlers and kids. It is located below Banua Anyar bridge and has facilities such as a kids' park, artificial soft grass to ensure child safety, and book reading corners.
Others
![Duta Mall Banjarmasin](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Duta_Mall_Banjarmasin.jpg)
Several shopping malls are located in the city. The Duta Mall Banjarmasin is the largest in the province, and connected to a hotel called The Mercure Hotel. Located in Central Banjarmasin district, it occupies more than and consists of four stories. It is also surrounded by several other buildings housing stores, forming a complex with a total area of . Other entertainment centers in the city include Trans Studio Mini Banjarmasin, an indoor theme park which is owned by
Trans Corp
PT Trans Media Corpora is an Indonesian media corporation that is a subsidiary of Trans Corp, a part of CT Corp, owned by Chairul Tanjung. Trans Media was initially founded as a subsidiary of Trans Corp, a liaison between the television network ...
and malls such as Mitra Plaza, Lotte Mart, and Giant. Mitra Plaza is one of the city's oldest modern shopping centers, and was a target of looting and destruction during the
Banjarmasin riot of May 1997
The Banjarmasin riot of May 1997 took place on May 23, 1997 on the last day of the election campaign for the 1997 Indonesian legislative election. In strongly Islamic Banjarmasin, supporters of the PPP were aggrievated by perceived abuses of power ...
. It was renovated after the riot. Other than modern shopping malls, according to Statistics Indonesia, as of 2019, there are 60 traditional markets registered in the city.
Transportation
![Flyover Banjarmasin](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Flyover_Banjarmasin.JPG)
The city has of road, most of which have been paved with asphalt. It is connected to the
Trans-Kalimantan Highway Southern Route, which connects it to other big cities such as
Palangka Raya
Palangka Raya is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of Central Kalimantan. The city is situated between the Kahayan and the Sabangau rivers on the island of Borneo. As of the 2020 census, the city has a population of 293,50 ...
and
Samarinda
Samarinda is the capital city of the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo. The city lies on the banks of the Mahakam River with a land area of . Samarinda ranks first on East Kalimantan Human Development Index and it ...
. Kilometer 6 Bus Terminal is the main bus terminal for the city and the province, where buses for long inter-province routes gather. Being old and overcrowded, the government relocated the main terminal to the newly built Kilometer 17 Bus Terminal in Gambut District, Banjar Regency. However, the new terminal is rarely used and many bus operators resisted the relocation because of the remoteness of the new terminal from the city center.
Being divided by a big navigable river, speed boats on the river are also an important means of transportation within the city. Ride-hailing services such as
Gojek
PT Gojek Indonesia (stylized in all lower case and stylized ''j'' as goȷek, formerly styled as GO-JEK) is an Indonesian on-demand multi-service platform and digital payment technology group based in Jakarta. Gojek was first established in Ind ...
and
Grab are widespread. The city has three urban bus services,
BRT Banjarbakula which connects it to the Greater Banjarmasin area and
Trans Banjarmasin, which only serves the city proper. As with other Indonesian cities, the city has ''
angkots'' (shared taxis), which have been declining rapidly because of competition from online ride-hailing services, online taxis, and new public transportation services created by the city government. On 22 December 2021, another urban bus system,
Trans Banjarbakula, was launched which also covers the entire metropolitan area.
The city is served by the
Port of Trisakti, which is one of main ports in Indonesia and classified as class IA. The port has a passenger terminal for passenger ships to neighbouring islands such as Java and Sulawesi. The closest airport is the
Syamsudin Noor International Airport, which located inside Banjarbaru city, from Banjarmasin.
Media
![Gedung Banjarmasin Post](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Gedung_Banjarmasin_Post.jpg)
There are numerous newspapers, television stations, and radio based in Banjarmasin. The city is center of mass media in the province of South Kalimantan. Known established media groups such as Banjarmasin Post, Kalimantan Post, and ''Radar Banjarmasin'' existed since early
New Order period, while numerous smaller independent media were founded mostly after
Reformasi. Other example of news media are Barito Post, ''Mata Banua'', Metro Banjar, and ''Kanal Kalimantan''. In total, there were 47 registered news media including printed and online, 36 tabloids, and 4 magazines in the city.
In television sector, outside of nationwide networks both private and state-owned, there are local television stations focused mostly on local news. State-owned television network
TVRI
TVRI (, Television of the Republic of Indonesia), legally ( Public Broadcasting Institution Television of the Republic of Indonesia) is a public television network and the oldest television network in Indonesia. Its national headquarters is i ...
has local branch for South Kalimantan located in Banjarmasin, while
Duta TV and
Banjar TV Banjar may refer to:
People
*Banjar people, an ethnic group in Indonesia
*Banjar language, of the Banjar people
Geography
*Banjar, Buleleng, a district in Bali province of Indonesia
*Banjar, India, a town in Himachal Pradesh, India
*Banjar, West ...
, two most prominent local channels, are private.
The city also has a branch of
Radio Republik Indonesia
''Radio Republik Indonesia'' (Radio of the Republic of Indonesia, abbreviated as RRI), legally ''Lembaga Penyiaran Publik (LPP) Radio Republik Indonesia'' ( Public Broadcasting Institution Radio of the Republic of Indonesia), is a public radio ...
, an Indonesian state-owned radio network.
According to the government source, there are 21 formally registered radio station.
References
External links
*
{{Authority control
Populated places in South Kalimantan
Port cities and towns in Indonesia
Cities in Indonesia
1526 establishments in Asia
Populated places established in 1526