The ''Bandeirantes'' (), literally "flag-carriers", were slavers, explorers, adventurers, and fortune hunters in early
Colonial Brazil
Colonial Brazil ( pt, Brasil Colonial) comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to a kingdom in union with Portugal as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Durin ...
. They are largely responsible for Brazil's great expansion westward, far beyond the
Tordesillas Line
The Treaty of Tordesillas, ; pt, Tratado de Tordesilhas . signed in Tordesillas, Spain on 7 June 1494, and authenticated in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Emp ...
of 1494, by which
Pope Alexander VI
Pope Alexander VI ( it, Alessandro VI, va, Alexandre VI, es, Alejandro VI; born Rodrigo de Borja; ca-valencia, Roderic Llançol i de Borja ; es, Rodrigo Lanzol y de Borja, lang ; 1431 – 18 August 1503) was head of the Catholic Churc ...
divided the new continent into a western,
Castilian section, and an eastern,
Portuguese
Portuguese may refer to:
* anything of, from, or related to the country and nation of Portugal
** Portuguese cuisine, traditional foods
** Portuguese language, a Romance language
*** Portuguese dialects, variants of the Portuguese language
** Portu ...
section.
The ''bandeirantes'' were also known as
Paulistas
Paulistas are the inhabitants of the state of São Paulo, Brazil, and of its antecessor the Capitaincy of São Vicente, whose capital early shifted from the village of São Vicente to the one of São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga.
History
...
and
Mameluco
''Mameluco'' is a Portuguese word that denotes the first generation child of a European and an Amerindian. It corresponds to the Spanish word ''mestizo''.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, ''mameluco'' was also used to refer to organized bands of ...
s. They mostly hailed from the
São Paulo
São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaWC a ...
region, called the
Captaincy of São Vicente
The Captaincy of São Vicente (1534–1709) was a land grant and colonial administration in the far southern part of the colonial Portuguese Empire in Colonial Brazil.
History
In 1534 King John III of Portugal granted the Captaincy to Martim A ...
until 1709 and then as the Captaincy of São Paulo. The
São Paulo
São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaWC a ...
settlement served as the home base for the most famous ''bandeirantes.'' Some ''bandeirante'' leaders were descendants of first- and second-generation Portuguese who settled in São Paulo, but the bulk of their numbers was made of people of mameluco background (people of both European and
Indian
Indian or Indians may refer to:
Peoples South Asia
* Indian people, people of Indian nationality, or people who have an Indian ancestor
** Non-resident Indian, a citizen of India who has temporarily emigrated to another country
* South Asia ...
ancestries) and natives.
Miscegenation
Miscegenation ( ) is the interbreeding of people who are considered to be members of different races. The word, now usually considered pejorative, is derived from a combination of the Latin terms ''miscere'' ("to mix") and ''genus'' ("race") ...
was the norm in that society, and its initial family structure was
polygamous
Crimes
Polygamy (from Late Greek (') "state of marriage to many spouses") is the practice of marriage, marrying multiple spouses. When a man is married to more than one wife at the same time, sociologists call this polygyny. When a woman is ...
(the father, his indigenous wives, and their children).
Though they originally aimed to capture and enslave Indigenous peoples, the ''bandeirantes'' later began to focus their expeditions on finding gold, silver, and diamond mines. As they ventured into unmapped regions in search of profit and adventure, they expanded the effective borders of the Brazilian colony.
The "bandeirantes" spoke the
Língua Geral
Língua Geral (, ''General Language'') is the name of two distinct lingua francas, spoken in Brazil: the '' Língua Geral Paulista'' (''Tupi Austral'', or Southern Tupi), which was spoken in the region of Paulistania but is now dead, and the ''Lí ...
, based on Tupi, and were the main source of
toponyms
Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of '' toponyms'' (proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names), including their origins, meanings, usage and types. Toponym is the general term for a proper name of ...
in the Brazilian interior.
Name
The term comes from Portuguese ''bandeira'' or flag, and by extension, a group of soldiers, a detached military unit or a raiding party. In medieval Portugal a ''bandeira'' was a military unit of 36 soldiers. The words were not used by the bandeirantes themselves. They used words like entry (entrada), journey, voyage, company, discovery and rarely, fleet or war. One writer dates bandeira from 1635 and bandeirante from 1740.
Paulistas
Before there were bandeirantes there were Paulistas. Brazil was originally a coastal strip between mountains and sea dominated by slave-worked sugar plantations. When the Portuguese crossed the mountains to the São Paulo plateau they were cut off from the sea and faced a great wilderness to the north and west where they might find their fortunes or die trying. The coastal Portuguese used African slaves while the Paulistas used Indian slaves or workers and many were part-Indian themselves.
Beginning of Bandeirantes
With the treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 the South American continent was divided between
Portuguese Empire
The Portuguese Empire ( pt, Império Português), also known as the Portuguese Overseas (''Ultramar Português'') or the Portuguese Colonial Empire (''Império Colonial Português''), was composed of the overseas colonies, factories, and the l ...
and the
Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire ( es, link=no, Imperio español), also known as the Hispanic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Hispánica) or the Catholic Monarchy ( es, link=no, Monarquía Católica) was a colonial empire governed by Spain and its prede ...
along a
meridian
Meridian or a meridian line (from Latin ''meridies'' via Old French ''meridiane'', meaning “midday”) may refer to
Science
* Meridian (astronomy), imaginary circle in a plane perpendicular to the planes of the celestial equator and horizon
* ...
370
leagues west of the
Cape Verde
, national_anthem = ()
, official_languages = Portuguese
, national_languages = Cape Verdean Creole
, capital = Praia
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, demonym ...
islands. Many Bandeirantes were
Mulatto
(, ) is a racial classification to refer to people of mixed African and European ancestry. Its use is considered outdated and offensive in several languages, including English and Dutch, whereas in languages such as Spanish and Portuguese is ...
s and came from the Portuguese settlement in São Paulo who were sent out to chart and explore the interior of the country. By exploring the interior of the country, Portugal was able to claim land that exceeded the line drawn by the treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 and began to encompass what is today the country of Brazil. Bandeirantes usually numbered anywhere from 50 to several thousand and were sponsored by the wealthy elites. Many of these expeditions into the interior of Brazil sent up trading posts and built roads that connected the settlements together.
Slavery
The main focus of the ''bandeirantes missions was to capture and enslave native populations. They carried this out by a number of tactics. The bandeirantes usually relied on surprise attacks, simply raiding villages or collections of natives, killing any who resisted, and kidnapping the survivors. Trickery could also be used; one common tactic was disguising themselves as Jesuits, often singing Mass to lure the natives out of their settlements. At the time, the Jesuits had a deserved reputation as the only colonial force that treated the natives somewhat fairly in the
Jesuit reduction
Reductions ( es, reducciones, also called ; , pl. ) were settlements created by Spanish rulers and Roman Catholic missionaries in Spanish America and the Spanish East Indies (the Philippines). In Portuguese-speaking Latin America, such red ...
s of the region. If luring the natives with promises did not work, the ''bandeirantes'' would surround the settlements and set them alight, forcing inhabitants out into the open. At a time when imported African slaves were comparatively expensive, the ''bandeirantes'' were able to sell large numbers of native slaves at a huge profit due to their relatively inexpensive price. Bandeirantes also teamed up with a local tribe, convincing them that they were on their side against another tribe, and when both sides were weakened the Bandeirantes would capture both tribes and sell them into slavery.
By the 17th century, Jesuit missions had become a favorite target of the expeditions. A ''bandeira'' that took place in 1628 and was organized by
Antônio Raposo Tavares
Antonio is a masculine given name of Etruscan origin deriving from the root name Antonius. It is a common name among Romance language-speaking populations as well as the Balkans and Lusophone Africa. It has been among the top 400 most popular ma ...
raided 21 Jesuit villages in the upper Paraná Valley, ultimately capturing about 2,500 natives. A ''bandeira'' tactic was to set native tribes against each other in order to weaken them, and then to enslave both sides.
In 1636, Tavares led a bandeira, composed of 2,000 allied Indians, 900
mameluco
''Mameluco'' is a Portuguese word that denotes the first generation child of a European and an Amerindian. It corresponds to the Spanish word ''mestizo''.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, ''mameluco'' was also used to refer to organized bands of ...
s, and 69 white ''Paulistas'', to find precious metals and stones and to capture Indians for slavery. This expedition alone was responsible for the destruction of most of the Jesuit missions of Spanish
Guayrá
Guayrá (initially called Gobernación del Guayrá) was a historical region of the Spanish Empire, located in the Governorate of Paraguay, within the colonial Viceroyalty of Peru. The region is located in present-day Paraguay and Paraná.
There ...
and the enslavement of over 60,000 indigenous people. Between 1648 and 1652 Tavares also led one of the longest known expeditions from
São Paulo
São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaWC a ...
to the mouth of the Amazon river, investigating many of its tributaries, including the
Rio Negro, ultimately covering a distance of more than 10,000 kilometers. The expedition traveled to
Andean
The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the List of mountain ranges#Mountain ranges by length, longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range i ...
Quito
Quito (; qu, Kitu), formally San Francisco de Quito, is the capital and largest city of Ecuador, with an estimated population of 2.8 million in its urban area. It is also the capital of the province of Pichincha. Quito is located in a valley o ...
, part of the
Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Cana ...
Viceroyalty of Peru
The Viceroyalty of Peru ( es, Virreinato del Perú, links=no) was a Spanish imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of the Spanish Empire in South America, governed from ...
, and remained there for a short time in 1651. Of the 1,200 men who left São Paulo, only 60 reached their final destination in
Belém
Belém (; Portuguese for Bethlehem; initially called Nossa Senhora de Belém do Grão-Pará, in English Our Lady of Bethlehem of Great Pará) often called Belém of Pará, is a Brazilian city, capital and largest city of the state of Pará in t ...
.
Relations with Jesuits
![Sepé Tiaraju-SLG-Vinícius R](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Sep%C3%A9_Tiaraju-SLG-Vin%C3%ADcius_R.jpg)
The Bandeirantes and the Jesuits did not agree on the treatment of the native people. The Jesuits wanted to convert the native population to Christianity while the Bandeirantes wanted to sell the native population into slavery. Jesuit leader father
Antonio Ruiz de Montoya
Antonio Ruiz de Montoya (13 June 1585, in Lima, Peru – 11 April 1652, in Lima, Peru) was a Jesuit priest and missionary in the Paraguayan Reductions.
Life
Montoya entered the Society of Jesus on 1 November 1606. In the same year, he accompani ...
would attempt to lead 12,000 natives to safety into Argentina in an attempt to save them from Bandeirantes. With the death of Diego Alfaro by the hands of Bandeirantes a conflict was sure to come between the two groups and it all came to head when Jerónimo Pedroso de Barros and Manuel Pires attacked a Jesuit camp. The Jesuits led by father
Pedro Romero
Pedro Romero Martínez (19 November 1754 – 10 February 1839) was a legendary bullfighter from the Romero family in Ronda, Spain.
His grandfather Francisco is credited with advancing the art of using the muleta; his father and two brothers we ...
had a force of around 4,200 against the Bandeirantes force of about 3,500. Romero would repeal the assault and win the day. With the
Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)
The Spanish–Portuguese treaty of 1750 or Treaty of Madrid was a document signed in the Madrid, Spanish capital by Ferdinand VI of Spain and John V of Portugal on 13 January 1750.
The agreement aimed to end armed conflict over a border dispute ...
Spain and Portugal would agree to dismantle the Jesuit missionaries called the
Misiones Orientales
The Misiones Orientales (, ) or Sete Povos das Missões/Siete Pueblos de las Misiones (, ) is a historic region in South America, in present-day Rio Grande do Sul, the southernmost State of Brazil.
Together with present-day Misiones Province ...
. The Jesuits would fight back against this order and would lead to the
Guaraní War
The Guarani War ( es, link=no, Guerra Guaranítica, pt, Guerra Guaranítica) of 1756, also called the War of the Seven Reductions, took place between the Guaraní tribes of seven Jesuit Reductions and joint Spanish-Portuguese forces. It was a re ...
which saw the Spanish and Portuguese fight against the native Guarani population. Despite early failures due to guerrilla tactics the Spanish and Portuguese would attack and
José Joaquín de Viana
José Joaquín de Viana (1718–1773) was a Spanish military and political figure, Governor of Montevideo between 1751 and 1764 and 1771 and 1773.
Biography
Of Navarrese origin, Viana started his military career in 1735 and fought in Italy during ...
would defeat Guarani leader
Sepé Tiaraju
Sepé Tiaraju (unknown–1756) was an indigenous Guaraní leader in the Jesuit reduction mission of São Luiz Gonzaga and who died on February 7, 1756, in the municipality of São Gabriel, in the present-day state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
...
and would go on to destroy the Jesuit mission camps. The battle ended the war and with Portugal expelling the Jesuits from the country in 1759, it ended the relations between the Jesuits and the Bandeirantes.
Fernão Dias Pais Lemme
![Cartaz do filme Fernão Dias, o Governador das Esmeraldas](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Cartaz_do_filme_Fern%C3%A3o_Dias%2C_o_Governador_das_Esmeraldas.jpg)
The most famous Bandeirante of them all was
Fernão Dias
Fernão Dias Pais Leme (1608–1681) or was a frontiersman from São Paulo. He was known as the "Emerald Hunter" and was one of the most prominent bandeirantes together with Antônio Raposo Tavares.
He is the great-great-grandfather of the Saint ...
. Dias was born in São Paulo in 1608 to a well-off family and spent much of his early life as a famer in Pinheiros before becoming an income inspector in 1626. However, it was 1638 when the one who would go on to be called ''The Emerald Hunter''." would get his first taste of expedition when he would join Antônio Raposo Tavares on his expedition of the present states of Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul. Dias however left on his own expedition in 1644. In an expedition in 1661, in an attempt to find more natives to enslave, Dias explored south of the Anumarana mountain range into the Kingdom of Guaianás. Dias would return in 1665 with 4000 slaves from three different tribes. It was Dias's expedition in 1671 that he would receive his nickname as he would find emeralds in Sabarabuçu. In 1681 Dias died of disease while on an expedition in which he found
Tourmaline
Tourmaline ( ) is a crystalline silicate mineral group in which boron is compounded with elements such as aluminium, iron, magnesium, sodium, lithium, or potassium. Tourmaline is a gemstone and can be found in a wide variety of colors.
The ...
.
Gold hunting
In addition to capturing natives as slaves, ''bandeiras'' also helped to extend the power of Portugal by expanding its control over the Brazilian interior. Along with the exploration and settlement of this territory the ''bandeiras'' also discovered mineral wealth for the Portuguese, which they had been previously unable to profit from.
In the 1660s, the Portuguese government offered rewards to those who discovered gold and silver deposits in inner Brazil. So the ''bandeirantes'', driven by profit, ventured into the depths of Brazil not only to enslave natives, but also to find mines and receive government rewards. As the number of natives diminished, the ''bandeirantes'' began to focus more intensely on finding minerals.
These exploration by the Bandeirantes set in motion what would be called the
Brazilian Gold Rush
The Brazilian Gold Rush was a gold rush that started in the 1690s, in the then Portuguese colony of Brazil in the Portuguese Empire. The gold rush opened up the major gold-producing area of Ouro Preto (Portuguese for ''black gold''), then known as ...
of the 1690s. The gold rush would be one of the largest in the world and would produce the largest gold mines in South America. With the discovery of gold by Bandeirantes in the mountains of
Minas Gerais
Minas Gerais () is a state in Southeastern Brazil. It ranks as the second most populous, the third by gross domestic product (GDP), and the fourth largest by area in the country. The state's capital and largest city, Belo Horizonte (literally ...
. This caused many people from the north of Brazil to go down south in hopes of finding gold.
Legacy
![Ci monumentobandeirantes](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Ci_monumentobandeirantes.jpg)
The ''bandeirantes'' were responsible for the discovery of mineral wealth, and along with the missionaries, for the territorial enlargement of central and southern Brazil. This mineral wealth made
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...
wealthy during the 18th century. As a result of the ''bandeiras'', the
Captaincy of São Vicente
The Captaincy of São Vicente (1534–1709) was a land grant and colonial administration in the far southern part of the colonial Portuguese Empire in Colonial Brazil.
History
In 1534 King John III of Portugal granted the Captaincy to Martim A ...
became the basis of the
Viceroyalty of Brazil
The Viceroyalty of Brazil refers, in narrow scope, to office of viceroy of the Portuguese colonial State of Brazil and, in broad scope, to the whole State of Brazil during the historic period when its governors had the title of "viceroy". The t ...
, which would go on to encompass the current states of
Santa Catarina,
Paraná,
São Paulo
São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for 'Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the GaWC a ...
,
Minas Gerais
Minas Gerais () is a state in Southeastern Brazil. It ranks as the second most populous, the third by gross domestic product (GDP), and the fourth largest by area in the country. The state's capital and largest city, Belo Horizonte (literally ...
,
Goiás
Goiás () is a Brazilian state located in the Center-West region. Goiás borders the Federal District and the states of (from north clockwise) Tocantins, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso. The state capital is Goiânia. ...
, part of
Tocantins
Tocantins () is one of the 26 states of Brazil. It is the newest state, formed in 1988 and encompassing what had formerly been the northern two-fifths of the state of Goiás. Tocantins covers and had an estimated population of 1,496,880 in 20 ...
, and both Northern and Southern
Mato Grosso
Mato Grosso ( – lit. "Thick Bush") is one of the states of Brazil, the third largest by area, located in the Central-West region. The state has 1.66% of the Brazilian population and is responsible for 1.9% of the Brazilian GDP.
Neighboring ...
. The ''bandeirantes'' were also responsible for unsteady relations between the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire, as they essentially conducted an undeclared war on indigenous residents allied with Spain or the Jesuits. With only a few outlying Spanish settlements surviving and the majority of Jesuit missions overrun, the de facto control by Portugal over most of what is now the
Southeast
The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography. A compass rose is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, east, south, and west—each sepa ...
,
Southern
Southern may refer to:
Businesses
* China Southern Airlines, airline based in Guangzhou, China
* Southern Airways, defunct US airline
* Southern Air, air cargo transportation company based in Norwalk, Connecticut, US
* Southern Airways Express, M ...
, and
Central West territory of Brazil was recognized by the Treaties of
Madrid
Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and ...
in 1750 and
San Ildefonso
San Ildefonso (), La Granja (), or La Granja de San Ildefonso, is a town and municipality in the Province of Segovia, in the Castile and León autonomous region of central Spain.
It is located in the foothills of the Sierra de Guadarrama mounta ...
in 1777. Additionally, Portugal
officially expelled the Jesuits in 1759, reducing the ability of the Jesuits to fight back even further.
20th and 21st Century
![Monumento às Bandeiras Ibirapuera São Paulo 2019-6306](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Monumento_%C3%A0s_Bandeiras_Ibirapuera_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_2019-6306.jpg)
Bandeirantes were an important part of the 1920s independence movement as they became a symbol of Brazilian pride. A large part of this movement was to show the Bandeirantes as pure Brazilian and that they represented bravery and their sense of achievement. At this time many poems, paintings, movies, and books were made about Bandeirantes. Many statues were raised at this time including the São Paulo's Monumento às Bandeiras.
In the 21st century there have been calls to stop celebrating the Bandeirantes. Guards have been deployed in Brazil to protect the statues of Bandeirantes from vandalism. The statues have been criticized for celebrating the Bandeirantes for their practice of enslaving the native population. This new wave is trying to confront Brazil's controversial past and their practice of glorifying slave traders. Calls to take down statues were again intensified with Britains removal of a statue of
Edward Colston
Edward Colston (2 November 1636 – 11 October 1721) was an English merchant, slave trader, philanthropist, and Tory Member of Parliament.
Colston followed his father in the family business becoming a sea merchant, initially trading in wine ...
on June 7 of 2020. On July 24th of 2021 protesters, in response to Brazilians president
Jair Bolsonaro
Jair Messias Bolsonaro (; born 21 March 1955) is a Brazilian politician and retired military officer who has been the 38th president of Brazil since 1 January 2019. He was elected in 2018 as a member of the Social Liberal Party, which he turn ...
's nationalist rhetoric, set fire to a statue of Borba Gato in São Paulo.
The call for statue removal is not limited to Brazil, other countries in South America have also called for the removal of statues that show a positive depiction of slavery.
Notable ''bandeirantes''
*
Domingos Jorge Velho
Domingos Jorge Velho (1641–1705) was one of the fiercest and most effective bandeirantes. He was born in Santana de Parnaíba, captaincy of São Paulo, to Francisco Jorge Velho and Francisca Gonçalves de Camargo. He was responsible for t ...
*Antônio Rodrigues de Arzão
*Antônio Alvarenga
*
António Raposo Tavares
*Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva (the ''Anhanguera'')
*
Manuel de Borba Gato
*Brás Leme
*
Fernão Dias Pais
Fernão is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 mil ...
(“the Emerald hunter”)
*Gabriel de Lara
Another list of well-known bandeirantes includes
*Antônio Dias de Oliveira
*Domingos Rodrigues do Prado
* Salvador Furtado Fernandes de Mendonça
* Estêvão Ribeiro Baião Parente
* Brás Rodrigues de Arzão
* Manuel de Campos Bicudo
* Francisco Dias de Siqueira (the ''Apuçá'')
* Pascoal Moreira Cabral
* Antônio Pires de Campos
* Francisco Pedroso Xavier
* Lourenço Castanho Taques
* Tomé Portes del-Rei
* Antonio Garcia da Cunha
* Matias Cardoso de Almeida
* Salvador Faria de Albernaz
* José de Camargo Pimentel
* João Leite da Silva Ortiz
* João de Siqueira Afonso
* Jerônimo Pedroso de Barros and
* Bartolomeu Bueno de Siqueira.
See also
*
São Paulo (state)#History
*
Slavery in Brazil
Slavery in Brazil began long before the first Portuguese settlement was established in 1516, with members of one tribe enslaving captured members of another. Later, colonists were heavily dependent on indigenous labor during the initial phases ...
*
Brazilian Gold Rush
The Brazilian Gold Rush was a gold rush that started in the 1690s, in the then Portuguese colony of Brazil in the Portuguese Empire. The gold rush opened up the major gold-producing area of Ouro Preto (Portuguese for ''black gold''), then known as ...
, 1695 - mid-1700s
*
El Dorado
El Dorado (, ; Spanish for "the golden"), originally ''El Hombre Dorado'' ("The Golden Man") or ''El Rey Dorado'' ("The Golden King"), was the term used by the Spanish in the 16th century to describe a mythical tribal chief (''zipa'') or king o ...
, the "Lost City of Gold"
*
European colonization of the Americas
During the Age of Discovery, a large scale European colonization of the Americas took place between about 1492 and 1800. Although the Norse had explored and colonized areas of the North Atlantic, colonizing Greenland and creating a short ter ...
*
Potosí#History and silver extraction, Spanish motherlode of silver in Bolivia
*
Degredado
''Degredado'' is the traditional Portuguese term for an exiled convict, especially between the 15th and 18th centuries.
The term ''degredado'' (etymologically, a 'decreed one', from Latin '' decretum'') is a traditional Portuguese legal term used ...
s
Notes
Bibliography
* Leme, Luís Gonzaga da Silva, "
Genealogia Paulistana" (1903-1905)
* Leme, Pedro Taques de Almeida Paes, "Nobiliarquia Paulistana Histórica e Genealógica", Ed. São Paulo University (1980, São Paulo).
* Taunay, Afonso de E., "Relatos Sertanistas", Ed. São Paulo University (1981, São Paulo) *
* Taunay, Afonso de E., "História das Bandeiras Paulistas", Ed. Melhoramentos (São Paulo)
* Franco, Francisco de Assis Carvalho, "Dicionário de Bandeirantes e Sertanistas do Brasil", Ed. São Paulo University, São Paulo, Ed Itatiaia, Belo Horizonte (1989)
* Deus, Frei Gaspar da Madre de, "História da Capitania de São Vicente", Ed. São Paulo University (1975, São Paulo)
*Crow, John A., “The Epic of Latin America,” (London, 1992)
*Hemming, John, "Red Gold: The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians, 1500–1760 (London, 1978)
External links
General History of the Paulista Bandeiras, by Afonso TaunayMemoirs to the history of the captaincy of São Vicente, autor Frei Gaspar da Madre de DeusIntegral edition of the book 'Paulistana nobility - Genealogy of the main families from São Paulo, in Portuguese, by Pedro Taques de Almeida Paes LemePaulistana Genealogy, Silva Leme''History of the Captaincy of São Vicente, Pedro Taques de Almeida Paes Leme''Projeto Compartilhar, a database of documents related to the families of the settlers of São Paulo, then captaincy of São Vicente
{{Authority control
Portuguese words and phrases
Colonial Brazil
Portuguese explorers of South America
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
Portuguese slave traders
History of São Paulo (state)
Slavery in Brazil
1740s neologisms