banded martin

The banded martin or banded sand martin (''Neophedina cincta'') is a small passerine bird in the swallow family Hirundinidae that is endemic to Africa. It is the only species placed in the genus ''Neophedina''.

Taxonomy

The banded martin was described by the French polymath Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in 1780 in his '' Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux'' from a specimen collected from the Cape of Good Hope. The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet in the ''Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle'' which was produced under the supervision of Edme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text. Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert coined the binomial name ''Hirundo cincta'' in his catalogue of the ''Planches Enluminées''.

The banded martin was formerly placed in the genus ''Riparia''. A genetic study found that it belonged to a different clade to other members of the genus, and it was moved to the genus ''Neophedina'' that had been introduced in 1922 by the South African zoologist Austin Roberts. The specific epithet ''cincta'' is from Latin ''cinctus'' meaning "banded".

Five subspecies are recognised:
* ''N. c. erlangeri'' ( Reichenow, 1905) – Ethiopia
* ''N. c. suahelica'' van Someren, 1922 – south Sudan and west Kenya to north Zimbabwe and west Mozambique
* ''N. c. parvula'' Amadon, 1954 – north Angola, southwest DR Congo and northwest Zambia
* ''N. c. xerica'' Clancey & Irwin, 1966 – west and south Angola, north Namibia and north Botswana
* ''N. c. cincta'' (Boddaert, 1783) – southeast Botswana, south Zimbabwe and South Africa

Description

The long banded martin has earth-brown upper parts, except for a white stripe above the eye. Its underparts are white, as are the underwing coverts, and it has a dark brown breast band, and sometimes a thin dark line across the vent. Sexes are similar, but the young have a paler breast band and golden tips to the upper part feathers.

It is easily distinguished from the smaller sand martin by its square tail and white on the underwings, and from the brown-throated sand martin by its white throat. It is less gregarious than those species, and is typically seen in pairs or small flocks.

The subspecies differ in size and in the plumage tones of the upper parts or breast band. The nominate ''R. c. cincta'' of southern Africa is the palest form.

Distribution and habitat

The banded martin is found in open habitats such as farmland, grassland and savannah, usually near water. It breeds across Africa from Cameroon and Zaire to Ethiopia south to the Cape in South Africa, although it is absent from the driest regions of western South Africa and southern Namibia.

The southern nominate subspecies of South Africa and Zimbabwe, is migratory, wintering further north, particularly in the west, where it can move sometimes as far as Gambia. ''N. c. xerica'' also leaves its drier breeding grounds in Botswana and northern Namibia in the southern winter. Other subspecies undertake local or altitudinal movements often dependent on the rainfall pattern.

Behaviour and ecology

This species has a slow erratic flight and frequently perches. Its diet consists of insects, usually taken in flight over grassland. The flight call is ''che-che-che'', and the song is a twittering jumble of ''chip choop'' sounds.

The banded martin, unlike the other members of its genus, is not colonial in its nesting habits. Its nest is at the end of a long tunnel usually excavated by the birds in a natural sand bank or earth mound. The actual nest is a litter of straw and feathers in a chamber at the end of the burrow. The two to five white eggs are incubated by both parents.

References

* Sinclair, Hockey and Tarboton, ''SASOL Birds of Southern Africa'',
*

External links

* Banded martin
Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1589557

Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
banded martin
Hirundinidae