Balaur Brasov 1

A balaur (pl. ''balauri'') in Romanian folklore is a type of many-headed dragon or monstrous serpent, sometimes said to be equipped with wings. The number of heads is usually around three, but they can also have seven heads or even twelve heads according to some legends.

The balaur in folktale is typically evil, demanding or abducting young maidens or the princess, and defeated by the hero such as Saint George or the fair youth Făt-Frumos.

There is some lore in which the balaur is considered weather-making, and living in an airborne state, but these types of balaur are sometimes interchangeably called ''hala'' or ''ala'', being confounded with the pan-Slavic air and water demon. The balaur (instead of the zmeu) is the vehicle of the weather-controlling Solomonari according to some sources.

There are also legends about the balaur in which they can produce precious stones from their saliva. Also, it is said that whoever manages to slay it will be forgiven a sin.

General description

In the Romanian language, balauri are "monstrous serpents" or dragons. Alternatively, the word balaur can be used to describe any monster like creature. They are many-headed like the Greek hell-hound Cerberus or the hydra and are winged and golden, according to Lazăr Șăineanu.

As reported by journalist Eustace Clare Grenville Murray, in Romanian folklore the ''balaur'' or ''balaurul'' is a serpentine being who guards treasures and princesses, coming to blows against heroic Fêt-Frumos.

The balaur recurs in Romanian folktales as a ravenous dragon that preys upon maidens only to be defeated by the hero Făt-Frumos ("Handsome Lad"). The balaur may also be the abductor of the princess Ileana Cosânzeana, although according to Șăineanu the kidnapper of this princess is a '' zmeu'' in the form of giant with pebbly tails (or scaly tails). It is noted that the balaur and the zmeu are often confounded with each other.

According to folklorist Tudor Pamfile, there are three types of balauri in folk tradition: water-, land-, and air-dwelling. A type of balaur of the first type is a seven-headed monster that dwells in the well of a village, demanding maidens as sacrifice until defeated by either the hero named Busuioc or by Saint George.

The second type of balaur, according to Pamfile, is said to dwell in the "Armenian land" ( ro, ) where they produce precious stones. In Wallachia, it is also believed that the saliva of a balaur can form precious stones, according to American writer Cora Linn Daniels. Romanian scholar Mircea Eliade noted that the notion a precious stones are formed from a snake's spittle is widespread, from England to China.

The balaur is often associated with the weather and is alternatively called ''hala'' or ''ala'', which is usually a Slavic term for a weather demon. This is the type Pamfile calls the "third type" that is air-dwelling. When two balauri meet and fight in the air, there ensues various meteorological damages such as uprooting of trees, or objects being tossed about. Another tradition is that the balaur uses the rainbow as its path and sucks moisture from any spot in order to cause rain. There is also lore about the balaur which is said to be quite similar to the Bulgarian Banat lore about the ''lamia'' (locally called ''lam'a''), which states that the ''lam'a'' draw water from the sea to fill the cloud.

Although the dragons ridden by the Solomonari are often said to be ''zmei'' ( sing. ''zmeu''), they were ''balauri'' according to some sources. A balaur was controlled by these weather-controlling sorcerers using "a golden rein" (or golden bridle; ro, ).. The dragons were usually kept hidden in the depths of a lake, until summoned by their riders.

Etymology

The term ''Balaur'' ( Aromanian ''bul'ar'') is of unknown etymology. It has been linked with Albanian ''boljë''/''bollë'' ("snake") and ''buljar'' ("water snake"), terms possibly stemming from the same Thracian root, ''*bell-'' or ''*ber-'' "beast, monster", the traces of which can also be found in the name of the Greek mythological hero Bellerophon ("the beast killer").

The Transylvanian Saxon ''balaur'' "dragon", and ''balaura'', an insult term in Serbia, are borrowed from Romanian. The Serbo-Croatian ''blavor''/''blaor''/''blavur'' (" European legless lizard") is cognate with ''balaur'', and is regarded as one of the few pre-Slavic Balkan relict words in Serbo-Croatian.

The maniraptor theropod '' Balaur bondoc'' is named after this creature.

Popular culture

* In the MMORPG '' Aion'', the Dragons that once ruled the world and are the enemy are called the Balaur.
* In the MMORPG ''Star Trek Online'' the largest class of Gorn warship is the Balaur Dreadnought."Balaur Dreadnought" at STOWiki.org
/ref> Retrieved 2011-06-19.
* In '' Ace Combat: Joint Assault'', there is a gigantic railgun weapon named the Balaur.
*In the 2020 TV series ''Dracula'', the Count uses the alias "Mr. Balaur".

See also

* Hydra
* Slavic dragon
* Scholomance
* Solomonari
* Zmeu

Explanatory notes

References

;Citations
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{{citation, last=Ciorănescu , first=Alexandru , author-link=:ro:Alexandru Ciorănescu , title=balaur , work=Dicționarul etimologic român , publisher=Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife , year=1958–1966, url=https://www.webdex.ro/online/dictionarul_etimologic_roman/balaur

The dictionary of Juan de Corominas, cited in: {{citation, last=Gáldi , first=L. , author-link=:ro:László Gáldi , title=(Review) Diccionario Etimológico Rumano, Biblioteca Filológica. Colección publicada por la Universidad de La Laguna by Alejandro Cioranescu , journal=Acta Linguistica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae , volume=11 , number=1/2 , year=1961 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_BWAAAAIAAJ&q=Bellerophon , pages=197–198 {{jstor, 44309193

{{cite book, last=Eliade , first=Mircea , author-link=Mircea Eliade , translator=Rosemary Sheed , chapter=167. The Degradation of Symbols , title=Patterns in Comparative Religion , publisher=U of Nebraska Press , orig-year=1958 , year=1996 , chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KxliotWdzXIC&pg=PA207 , page=207, isbn=0803267339 ; (originally in Romanian)
Tratat De Istorie A Religiilor

{{cite book, last=Feraru , first=Leon , author-link=Leon Feraru , title=The Development of Rumanian Poetry
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, quote=''Ismeju'' he correct Romanian spelling is ''Zmeu'', another word for dragon} {{isbn, 9-780-3160-9226-5

{{citation, last=Ljiljana , first=Marks , title=Legends about the ''Grabancijaš Dijak'' in the 19th Century and in Contemporary Writings , journal=Acta Ethnographica Hungarica , volume=54 , number=2 , year=1990 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SkwqAQAAIAAJ&q=%22solomonar%22 , page=327

Marian, S. F. (1879): "Cînd voiesc Solomonarii să se suie în nori, iau friul cel de aur şi se duc la un lac fără de fund sau la o altă apă mare, unde ştiu ei că locuiesc balaurii", quoted in: Hasdeu, Bogdan Petriceicu; Brâncuș, Grigore (1976) edd., ''{{plain link, name=Etymologicum Magnum Romaniae , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAN_9QPRU1gC&q=balaurii'' 3, p. 438.
Marian, S. F. (1879), pp. 54–56, German (tr.), Gaster, Moses (1884),
Scholomonar, d. i. er Grabancijaš dijak nach der Voksüberlieferung er Rumänen
, ''Archiv für slavische Philologie'' VII, p. 285: "''Mit diesem Zaum zäumen die Solomonari die ihnen anstatt Pferde dienenden Drachen'' (''Balauri'')" or, "With these oldenreins, the Solomonari rein their dragons (''balauri'') that they use instead of horses".

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124
}

{{cite book, last=Pamfile , first=Tudor , author-link=Tudor Pamfile , chapter=bălaurii , title=Văzduhul după credințile poporului român , place=București , publisher=Socec & comp. , year=1916 , series=Academia română. Din vieața poporului român, culegeri și studii, XXV , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QHMkAQAAIAAJ&q=%22b%C4%83laurii , pages=313–316 }
Alt URL
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{{citation, last=Plotnikova , first=Anna , title=Ethnolinguistic phenomena in Boundary Balkan Slavic areas , journal=Славянская диалектная лексика и лингвогеография , volume=7 , year=2001 , url=http://inslav.ru/images/stories/pdf/ISD-07-2001.pdf , page=306

{{citation, last=Prut, first=Constantin , author-link=:ro:Constantin Prut , translator=Sergiu Marcus , title=The World of Fabulous Creatures , journal=Romanian Review , volume=37 , number=2–3 , year=1983 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-csAAAAIAAJ&q=zmeu+giant , page=170

{{citation, last=Sainéan , first=Lazare , author-link=Lazăr Șăineanu , title=Terminologie folklorique en roumain , journal=La Tradition , volume=11 , year=1901 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeM5AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA227 , page=227

{{Citation, last=Skok, first=Petar, author-link=Petar Skok, year=1988, orig-year=1971, title=Etimologijski rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika, volume=1, publisher=Jugoslavenska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti, place=Zagreb, language=sh, isbn=86-407-0064-8, page=170, mode=cs1

Further reading

* Drăgulescu, Radu.
ANALYSIS OF THE CONNOTATIVE AND DENOTATIVE MEANINGS OF THE TERM ”DRAGON” (BALAUR) AS IT APPEARS IN THE ROMANIAN PHYTONYMY
. In: ''Journal of Romanian Literary Studies'' 10 (2007): 104-110.

European dragons
Romanian legendary creatures
Mythological monsters
Mythical many-headed creatures