Balanophora Fungosa

''Balanophora fungosa'', sometimes known as fungus root is a flowering plant in the family Balanophoraceae and occurs in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Australia and some Pacific Islands. It is an obligate parasite growing on the roots of rainforest trees. The flowering structure is shaped like a puffball but in fact consists of a globe covered with thousands of tiny female flowers. The globe is surrounded at its base by a much smaller number of male flowers. In flower, the plant emits an odour resembling that of mice.

Description

Like other members of its genus, ''B. fungosa'' is holoparasitic and contains no chlorophyll. The aerial parts of the plant consist of a hard, irregularly shaped tuber from which the flower-bearing structures extend. The leaves are scale-like, pale cream in colour, long, wide and more or less stem clasping.

The plant is monoecious or dioecious. When monoecious, it bears both pistillate (female) and staminate (male) flowers. Thousands of minute female flowers cover a globe-shaped structure in diameter. The styles are less than long. About 20 male flowers are arranged around the base of the globe, each about in diameter with a pedicel about long and are covered with powdery white pollen.

Taxonomy and naming

''Balanophora fungosa'' was described by Johann Reinhold Forster and Georg Forster in 1774 and the description was published in ''Characteres Generum Plantarum''. The species epithet ''fungosa'' is the adjectival form of the Latin word fungosus meaning "fungus-like", which refers to the plant's superficial resemblance to a mushroom.

The names of two subspecies are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
* ''Balanophora fungosa'' J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. subsp. ''fungosa'';
* ''Balanophora fungosa'' subsp. ''indica'' (Arn.) B.Hansen.

''Balanophora fungosa'' subsp. ''fungosa'' is monoecious, while subspecies ''indica'' is dioecious.Barlow, B.A. (1984) in George, A.S. (ed
Flora of Australia. Volume 22. Rhizophorales to Celastrales
Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra.

File:Hup Patad08.jpg, ''Balanophora fungosa'' subsp. ''indica'' in northwestern Thailand
File:Balanophora_indica2.jpg, Male stems
File:Hup Patad07.JPG, Female stems

Distribution and habitat

''Balanophora fungosa'' is found in coastal forests from near sea level to in Australia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Ryukyu Islands, New Guinea, the Philippines, some Pacific Islands including New Caledonia, India and Cambodia. In Australia it occurs in Queensland from near the border with New South Wales to Cape York.

Ecology

Twelve species of plant in eight families are known to be hosts to ''Balanophora fungosa'' var. ''indica'' including some of those in the genera ''Syzygium'', ''Olea'' and ''Rapanea''. The plant is sometimes a weed in coffee and tea plantations.

Numerous small animals visit the flowers, including ants, springtails, flies, a moth of the family noctuidae, and even rats, which appear to be attracted by the smell. Workers of the Asiatic honeybee, ''Apis cerana'' have been observed collecting pollen. Two beetle species of the genus ''Lasiodactylus'', a moth of the family Pyralidae and a moth of the family Tipulidae use the bracts at the base of the flowers as a breeding site.

Use as medicine

Some cultures, such as the Paliar people of Tamil Nadu, use ''B. fungosa'' to treat medical conditions.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q13012795

fungosa
Flora of Queensland
Plants described in 1774
Taxa named by Johann Reinhold Forster