''Balamuthia mandrillaris'' is a free-living
amoeba
An amoeba (; less commonly spelled ameba or amœba; plural ''am(o)ebas'' or ''am(o)ebae'' ), often called an amoeboid, is a type of cell or unicellular organism with the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudop ...
that causes the rare but deadly neurological condition
granulomatous amoebic encephalitis
Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) is a rare, usually fatal, subacute-to-chronic central nervous system disease caused by certain species of free-living amoebae of the genera ''Acanthamoeba'', ''Balamuthia'' and '' Sappinia''. The term is ...
(GAE). ''B. mandrillaris'' is a soil-dwelling amoeba and was first discovered in 1986 in the brain of a
mandrill that died in the
San Diego Wild Animal Park
The San Diego Zoo Safari Park, originally named the San Diego Wild Animal Park until 2010, is an 1,800 acre (730 ha) zoo in the San Pasqual Valley area of San Diego, California, near Escondido. It is one of the largest tourist attractions in Sa ...
.
''B. mandrillaris'' can infect the body through open wounds or by inhalation. ''Balamuthia'' has been isolated in nature. It is believed to be distributed throughout the temperate regions of the world. This is supported somewhat by the detection of
antibodies to the
protist
A protist () is any eukaryotic organism (that is, an organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. While it is likely that protists share a common ancestor (the last eukaryotic common ancestor), the exc ...
in healthy individuals.
The generic name ''Balamuthia'' was given by
Govinda Visvesvara, after his mentor,
parasitologist
Parasitology is the study of parasites, their hosts, and the relationship between them. As a biological discipline, the scope of parasitology is not determined by the organism or environment in question but by their way of life. This means it ...
William Balamuth, for his contributions to the study of amoebae. Visvesvara isolated and studied the pathogen for the first time in 1993.
Morphology
''B. mandrillaris'' is a free-living,
heterotroph
A heterotroph (; ) is an organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter. In the food chain, heterotrophs are primary, secondary and tertiary consumers, but ...
ic amoeba, consisting of a standard complement of
organelles surrounded by a three-layered
cell wall (thought to be made of
cellulose
Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units. Cellulose is an important structural component of the primary cell w ...
), and with an abnormally large
cell nucleus. On average, a ''Balamuthia'' trophozoite is about 30 to 120
μm in diameter. The cysts fall around this range, as well.
Life cycle
''Balamuthia''s lifecycle, like the ''
Acanthamoeba
''Acanthamoeba'' is a genus of amoebae that are commonly recovered from soil, fresh water, and other habitats.
''Acanthamoeba'' has two evolutive forms, the metabolically active trophozoite and a dormant, stress-resistant cyst. Trophozoites are ...
'', consists of a cystic stage and a non-flagellated trophozoite stage, both of which are infectious, and both of which can be identified in the brain tissue on microscopic examination of
brain biopsies performed on infected individuals. The trophozoite is pleomorphic and