Balamber

Balamber (also known as Balamir, Balamur and many other variants) was ostensibly a chieftain of the Huns, mentioned by Jordanes in his ''Getica'' ( 550 AD). Jordanes simply called him "king of the Huns" () and writes the story of Balamber crushing the tribes of the Ostrogoths in the 370s; somewhere between 370 and more probably 376 AD.

A number of historians argue that Balamber may have never existed, and was a confusion of other rulers or even a fabrication.

Etymology

The name is recorded in three variants by Jordanes, and an additional two by copyists: ''Balaber'', ''Balamber'', ''Balamur'', ''Balambyr'', ''Balamir''. ''Balaber'' with omission of ''-m-'' may be a corruption of ''Balamber''. ''Balamir'' has the Gothic onomastic suffix ''-mir/-mer''.

Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen argued that the original form of the name was ''Balimber'' and that its meaning is unknown.

Omeljan Pritsak considered ''Balamur'' as the only original Hunnic form of the name. He derived it from a word akin to Mongolian , , (savage, wild, venturous, daring). Pristak thus reconstructs the name as coming from ''bala + mur'', meaning "the greatest among the venturous, daring".

Hyun Jin Kim argues that the name is simply a corruption of the name Valamir, who he argues to have been the basis of the figure in Jordanes. Kim notes that ''Valamir'' was written ''Βαλαμηρ'' (''Balamêr'') in Greek. He argues that the name is of uncertain meaning but "seems to have an eastern origin" and suggests a connection to a city in Central Asia called ''Balaam'' (''Βαλαάμ'').

History

Jordanes recounts:

Those events were preceded by the Huns' attack on the Alans at the Don River, who bordered the Greuthungi, and according to Ammianus Marcellinus, occurred an alliance between them.

The events and names which followed vary according to Ammianus and Cassiodorus (from whose ''Gothic History'' was summarized ''Getica''):

Ammianus wrote that after death of Ermanaric in 375, Vithimiris became the king of the Greuthungi, he resisted the Huns and Alans, but was killed in battle and was succeeded by young son Videric, so they were ruled by '' duces'' Alatheus and Safrax. They managed to make a confederation of Greuthungi, Alans and Huns, who escaped from the majority of Huns, crossed the Danube in 376, and fought Battle of Adrianople in 378.

Cassiodorus, i.e. Jordanes recounts that after Ermanaric's death Goths separated in Western Visigoths and Eastern Ostrogoths, the latter remained in "''their old Scythian settlements''" under Hunnic rule. The Amal Vinitharius retained the "''insignia of his princely rank''", and trying to escape from the Huns, he invaded the lands of the Antes and their king Boz for merely one year, but Balamber put an end to Ostrogoths independence. After the subjection, followed more complex Ostrogoths royal descending; Ermanaric > Hunimund-Thorismund-Berimud moved with his son Videric with the Visigoths to the West because "''despised the Ostrogoths for their subjection to the Huns''". Then happened forty years of interregnum and Ostrogoths decided to give the rule to Vandalaris's son Valamir, a relative of Thorismund. Valamir eventually deserted Attila's sons in c. 454.

Herwig Wolfram argued the possibility that unknown river ''Erac'' could be identified with the river Phasis in Lazica. Otto J. Maenchen-Helfen denied the connection with ancient ''Erax'', and considered Tiligul or lower Dnieper. Wolfram puts the geographical location of events after the battle in 376, in Scythia, but the term shifted more westward and actually meant Dacia and Pannonia.

Maenchen-Helfen considered that Cassiodorus would not admit that the Gothic princess Vadamerca became a wife of Balamber if he was not some sort of a king.

Wolfram argued that although scholars often identify "Vithimiris" with Vinitharius, and "Videric" with Vandalarius, onomatological and genealogical methods do not go along with historical events, and many difficulties arise. One of them was that Balamber lived in the time of Valamir. However, although of similar etymological names, Balamber, Wolfram related to Iranian ''Balimber'', and as such considered them two different personalities.

A number of scholars such as Edward Arthur Thompson, Hyun-Jin Kim, and Peter Heather consider Balamber's story historically improbable, and he may be a version of the better-attested Valamir, or was an invention by the Goths to explain who defeated them.

References

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Balamber
4th-century Hunnic rulers
4th-century monarchs in Europe
Hunnic rulers
People whose existence is disputed