Francisco Balagtas y de la Cruz (April 2, 1788 – February 20, 1862), commonly known as Francisco Balagtas and also as Francisco Baltasar, was a
Filipino
Filipino may refer to:
* Something from or related to the Philippines
** Filipino language, standardized variety of 'Tagalog', the national language and one of the official languages of the Philippines.
** Filipinos, people who are citizens of th ...
Tagalog litterateur and poet during the Spanish colonial period of the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
. He is widely considered one of the greatest Filipino literary
laureate
In English, the word laureate has come to signify eminence or association with literary awards or military glory. It is also used for recipients of the Nobel Prize, the Gandhi Peace Award, the Student Peace Prize, and for former music direc ...
s for his impact on Filipino literature. The famous epic ''
Florante at Laura
''Florante at Laura'' (full title: ''Pinagdaanang Buhay ni Florante at ni Laura sa Kahariang Albanya''; English: The History of Florante and Laura in the Kingdom of Albania) is an 1838 awit written by Tagalog poet Francisco Balagtas. It is co ...
'' is regarded as his defining
work
Work may refer to:
* Work (human activity), intentional activity people perform to support themselves, others, or the community
** Manual labour, physical work done by humans
** House work, housework, or homemaking
** Working animal, an animal t ...
.
Balagtas adopted the legal surname, Baltasar, as part of the edict issued by Governor-General
Narciso Claveria y Zaldua in 1849, that mandated the native population to adopt Standard Spanish surnames. Which was commonly misspelled as Baltazar and sometimes misinterpreted as his
pen name
A pen name, also called a ''nom de plume'' or a literary double, is a pseudonym (or, in some cases, a variant form of a real name) adopted by an author and printed on the title page or by-line of their works in place of their real name.
A pen na ...
. The Philippines has released currency honoring Kiko Balagtas on the 10 centavo coin.
Early life
Francisco Balagtas was born in Barrio Panginay, Bigaa, Bulacan as the youngest of the four children of Juan Balagtas, a blacksmith, and Juana de la Cruz. He studied in a parochial school in Bigaa and later in Manila. During his childhood years. Francisco later worked as a houseboy in Tondo, Manila.
Life as a poet
Balagtas learned to write poetry from
José de la Cruz (''Joseng Sisiw''), one of the most famous poets of
Tondo, in return for chicks. It was De la Cruz himself who personally challenged Balagtas to improve his writing. Balagtas swore he would overcome Huseng Sisiw as he would not ask for anything in return as a poet.
In 1835, Balagtas moved to Pandacan, Manila, where he met María Asunción Rivera, who would effectively serve as the muse for his future works. She is referenced in ''Florante at Laura'' as 'Selya' and 'MAR'.
Balagtas' affections for MAR were challenged by the influential Mariano Capule. The latter won the battle for MAR when he used his wealth to get Balagtas imprisoned. It was here that he wrote ''Florante at Laura''—in fact, the events of this poem were meant to parallel his own situation.
He wrote his poems in the Tagalog language, during an age when Filipino writing was predominantly written in Spanish.
Balagtas published "Florante at Laura" upon his release in 1838. He moved to Balanga, Bataan, in 1840 where he served as the assistant to the Justice of the Peace. He was also appointed as the translator of the court. He married Juana Tiambeng on July 22, 1842, in a ceremony officiated by Fr. Cayetano Arellano, uncle of future Chief Justice to the Supreme Court of the Philippines—Chief Justice Arellano. They had eleven children but only four survived to adulthood. On November 21, 1849, Governor General
Narciso Clavería y Zaldua issued a decree that every Filipino native must adopt a Spanish surname. In 1856, he was appointed as the Major Lieutenant, but soon after was convicted and sent to prison again in Bataan under the accusation that he ordered Alferez Lucas' housemaid's head to be shaved.
He sold his land and all of his riches, in order for him to be imprisoned in 1861, and continued writing poetry, along with translating Spanish documents, but he died a year later—on February 20, 1862, at the age of 73. Upon his deathbed, he asked the favor that none of his children become poets like him, who had suffered under his gift as well as under others. He even went as far as to tell them it would be better to cut their hands off than let them be writers.
Balagtas is greatly idolized in the Philippines that the term for
Filipino
Filipino may refer to:
* Something from or related to the Philippines
** Filipino language, standardized variety of 'Tagalog', the national language and one of the official languages of the Philippines.
** Filipinos, people who are citizens of th ...
debate in extemporaneous verse is named after him: ''
Balagtasan
''Balagtasan'' is a Filipino form of debate done in verse. Derived from the name of Francisco Balagtas, this art presents a type of literature in which thoughts or reasoning are expressed through speech.
The first balagtasan took place in th ...
''.
Legacy
![Balagtas,Bulacanjf9650 18](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Balagtas%2CBulacanjf9650_18.JPG)
An elementary school was erected in honor of Balagtas, the
Francisco Balagtas Elementary School
Santa Cruz is a district in the northern part of the City of Manila, Philippines, located on the right bank of the Pasig River near its mouth, bordered by the districts of Tondo, Binondo, Quiapo, and Sampaloc, as well as the areas of Grace ...
(FBES), located along Alvarez Street in
Santa Cruz, Manila
Santa Cruz is a district in the northern part of the City of Manila, Philippines, located on the right bank of the Pasig River near its mouth, bordered by the districts of Tondo, Binondo, Quiapo, and Sampaloc, as well as the areas of Grace P ...
. There is also a plaza and park (Plaza Balagtas) erected in
Pandacan
Pandacan is a district in Manila, Philippines which is known in recent history for its former Pandacan oil depot which supplies the majority of oil exports in the country.
Profile
In 2000, Pandacan had a total population of close to 82,194. Th ...
, Manila while most of the streets were named after various Florante at Laura characters in honor of Francisco Balagtas. His birthplace, Bigaa, Bulacan, was renamed to
Balagtas, Bulacan
Balagtas, officially the Municipality of Balagtas ( tgl, Bayan ng Balagtas), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Bulacan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 77,018 people.
With the continuous expansion ...
in his memory. A museum, historical marker, monument and elementary school has been placed in his birthplace at Panginay, Balagtas, Bulacan. The former Folk Arts Theater in Manila was renamed to
Tanghalang Francisco Balagtas
The Tanghalang Francisco Balagtas ( en, Francisco Balagtas Theater), formerly known as the Folk Arts Theater, was a theater located in the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex in Manila, Philippines. It is a covered proscenium amphitheater ...
to honor Balagtas.
Mercurian crater was also
named after him. The
barangay
A barangay (; abbreviated as Brgy. or Bgy.), historically referred to as barrio (abbreviated as Bo.), is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district, or ward. In metropolitan ...
of Udyong in
Orion, Bataan
Orion, officially the Municipality of Orion (formerly Udyong), ( tl, Bayan ng Orion), is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Bataan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 60,771 people.
History 2019 Orion fire ...
was also renamed Balagtas.
On April 2, 2018,
Google
Google LLC () is an American multinational technology company focusing on search engine technology, online advertising, cloud computing, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, artificial intelligence, and consumer electronics. ...
honored Balagtas' 230th birthday celebration with a
Google Doodle
A Google Doodle is a special, temporary alteration of the logo on Google's homepages intended to commemorate holidays, events, achievements, and notable historical figures. The first Google Doodle honored the 1998 edition of the long-running an ...
.
Works
Sources of Balagtas' work
No original manuscript in Balagtas' handwriting of any of his works has survived to the present day. This is due mainly to two great fires that razed Udyong (Now Balagtas in
Orion, Bataan
Orion, officially the Municipality of Orion (formerly Udyong), ( tl, Bayan ng Orion), is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Bataan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 60,771 people.
History 2019 Orion fire ...
) and destroyed much of the poet's works.
The most notable of his works, ''"Florante at Laura"'' or ''"Pinagdaanang Buhay ni Florante at Laura sa Kaharian ng Albanya"'' has been published in numerous editions from its original publication in 1838. The oldest extant edition of the Florante is believed to be the 1861 edition
[https://trixiesolis.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/florante-at-laura.pdf ] published in Manila, while a handwritten manuscript written down by
Apolinario Mabini
Apolinario Mabini y Maranan (, July 23, 1864 – May 13, 1903) was a Filipino revolutionary leader, educator, lawyer, and statesman who served first as a legal and constitutional adviser to the Revolutionary Government, and then as the first ...
exists and is in the possession of the
Philippine National Library
The National Library of the Philippines ( fil, Pambansang Aklatan ng Pilipinas or ''Aklatang Pambansa ng Pilipinas'', abbreviated NLP, es, Biblioteca Nacional de Filipinas) is the official national library of the Philippines. The complex is l ...
.
The major source of the poet's life and works is from a 20th-century work entitled ''"Kun Sino ang Kumatha ng Florante"'' (He who wrote the Florante) by Hermenigildo Cruz. The poet lists down Balagtas' works and recreates some of his plays based on scenes and lines memorized by the poet's children. The book also has an edition of the Florante.
Balagtas wrote ten comedias and one metrical romance according to Cruz as well as numerous other poems and short plays that are recorded in his book. These include two ''laos'' or short celebratory scenes usually involving a patron saint and performed during fiestas.
Complete works
Only three of Balagtas' complete works have survived to this day. Of the three, ''Florante at Laura'' is considered Balagtas' defining work and is a cultural touchstone for the Philippines.
*''
Florante at Laura
''Florante at Laura'' (full title: ''Pinagdaanang Buhay ni Florante at ni Laura sa Kahariang Albanya''; English: The History of Florante and Laura in the Kingdom of Albania) is an 1838 awit written by Tagalog poet Francisco Balagtas. It is co ...
'' or ''Pinagdaanang Buhay ni Florante at Laura sa Kaharian ng Albanya'', an ''awit'' (metrical narrative poem with dodecasyllabic quatrains
2 syllables per line, 4 lines per stanza; Balagtas' masterpiece
*''La India elegante y el negrito amante'' – a short play in one act
*''Orosman at Zafira'' – a comedy in three acts
Reconstructed/rediscovered works
Majority of the source material for Balagtas' work come from Hermenigildo Cruz' book which itself is based on the surviving testimonies and memories of Balagtas' children at the turn of the century. In his book, he reconstructs five plays.
*''Rodolfo at Rosemonda''
*''Nudo gordeano''
*''Abdol at Misereanan'' – a ''komedya'', staged in Abucay, Bataan in 1859
*''Bayaceto at Dorslica'' – a ''komedya'' in three parts, staged at Udyong on September 27, 1857
Minor works
As a folk poet and employee of the courts, Balagtas' prowess in writing was mainly seen in the yearly fiestas held in nearby towns, a great majority of his plays may have been staged in outdoor theaters set up in town squares and as a poet, a number of his works and writings have been recorded in collections of poetry such as the "''Coleccion de refranes, frases y modismos tagalos''" (Guadalupe, 1890) as well as in the accounts of Spanish officials such as Martinez de Zuniga who recorded traditional plays and religious events in Philippine fiestas.
Balagtas also wrote in the
Ladino
Ladino, derived from Latin, may refer to:
* The register of Judaeo-Spanish used in the translation of religious texts, such as the Ferrara Bible
*Ladino people, a socio-ethnic category of Mestizo or Hispanicized people in Central America especi ...
style of poems that were popular among his contemporaries. He is said to have written two loas recorded in Cruz's book as well as numerous Ladinos and didactic works.
Loas
*''In praise of the Archangel Michael'' a ''loa'' written for the patron saint of the town of Udyong
*''In Celebration of the crowning of Queen Isabella II of the Bourbon Dynasty'' Celebrating the ascension of
Isabella II
Isabella II ( es, Isabel II; 10 October 1830 – 9 April 1904), was Queen of Spain from 29 September 1833 until 30 September 1868.
Shortly before her birth, the King Ferdinand VII of Spain issued a Pragmatic Sanction to ensure the successio ...
to the Spanish throne
Minor poems
A number of Minor poems are recorded in Cruz's book.
*''"Pangaral sa Isang Binibining Ikakasal"'' (Admonition to a Young Lady About To Be Married) A didactic work.
*''"Paalam Na sa Iyo. . .!"'' (And So Farewell to You... !) A bilingual poem (Written in Spanish and Tagalog) written in Ladino style.
Lost works
Five (5) of the ten plays Balagtas wrote as recorded by Cruz are considered lost. Another work, "Claus" a translation work from Latin is considered lost for Cruz does not mention any fragments or elaborates on it in his book, Eufronio Alip's 1930 Tagalog literary history mentions the same book.
Among his other lost works, one should consider plays and short poems written by Balagtas in his lifetime for fiestas and celebrations as well as to earn his living. Eufronio Alip, in his 1930 historical study on Tagalog literature, also provides an additional two titles of plays by Balagtas.
*''Don Nuño at Selinda o la desgracia del amor en la inocencia'' – a ''komedya'' in three parts
*''Auredato at Astrome'' – a ''komedya'' in three parts
*''Clara Belmore'' – a ''komedya'' in three parts
*''Alamansor at Rosalinda'' – a komedya staged at Udyong during the town's feast
*''Mahomet at Constanza''
*''Claus'' (translated into Tagalog from Latin)
*''La Eleccion del Gobernadorcillo'' – a komedya in prose, in five parts
*''Mariang Makiling'' – a komedya in nine parts
References
External links
Francisco Balagtas at An Online Guide About the Philippine History*
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Balagtas, Francisco
Baltazar, Francisco
Baltazar, Francisco
Tagalog people
Writers from Bulacan
People from Pandacan
Colegio de San Juan de Letran alumni
Tagalog-language writers
19th-century Filipino poets
Filipino male poets
19th-century male writers