Baikal Oilfish

''Comephorus'', known as the golomyankas or Baikal oilfish, are a genus comprising two species of peculiar, sculpin fishes endemic to Lake Baikal in Russia. ''Comephorus'' is the only genus in the family Comephoridae. Golomyankas are pelagic fishes which make the main food source of the Baikal seal.

Description

''Comephorus'' have translucent bodies with no scales,Animals and plants of Lake Baikal
from Irkutsk State University, accessed May 5, 2006 but appear dull when dead. The big Baikal oilfish (''C. baikalensis'') can reach up to in length and the little Baikal oilfish (''C. dybowskii'') up to . Males are smaller than females, only reaching about the length. They have long pectoral fins, and although pelvic bones are present, they lack pelvic fins. They have a strong lateral line. The lateral line system on the head consists of large cavities linked by narrow, bony bridges with small external pores. High lipid content and porous bones result in an almost neutral buoyancySideleva, V.G. (1996). Comparative character of the deep-water and inshore cottoid fishes endemic to Lake Baikal. Journal of Fish Biology 49(sA): 192–206. and lack of swim bladder allows the fish to tolerate varying pressure extremes as they move through the water column. Over a third of the body weight (38.9%) of ''C. baikalensis'' is oil, but ''C. dybowskii'' contains far less (4.7%). It has been said that they decompose in sunlight, leaving behind only fatty oil and bones, although the accuracy of this claim has been questioned. Unusually, their eyes only contain rod cells (not cone cells), indicating a high sensitivity to light. Some of the adaptions in golomyankas resemble those seen in deep sea fish.

Species

There are currently two recognized species in this genus:
* ''Comephorus baikalensis'' ( Pallas, 1776) (Big Baikal oilfish)
* ''Comephorus dybowskii'' ( Korotneff, 1904) (Little Baikal oilfish)

Biology and ecology

The common name ''golomyanka'' originates from the old-Russian ''golomen'', meaning "far from the shore" in the local dialect and referring to their pelagic behavior. They are the principal ecological competitor to the omul, which also eat small golomyankas, and represent a primary food source for the Baikal seal, at more than 90% of its diet. They are easily identifiable, and are large enough to be easily seen. Golomyankas are unusual for occurring pelagically throughout the entire water column of Lake Baikal, ranging from depths of around to near the surface, but they primarily occur deeper than . During the night they move up the water column to feed, often occurring as shallow as , and in the winter they can occasionally be seen swimming just below the ice-covered surface. They are considered the world's most abyssal freshwater fish, together with certain Lake Baikal deep-water sculpins (Abyssocottidae).Hunt, D. M., et al. (1997). Molecular evolution of the cottoid fish endemic to Lake Baikal deduced from nuclear DNA evidence. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 8(3), 415-22. They move without much regard for changes in pressure, although they can exist only in cold temperatures, preferring water that is no more than and dying at .Ichthyofauna of Lake Baikal
from Baikal Web World, accessed May 5, 2006 (with a photo of the golomyanka).

The biomass of the golomyanka population is estimated at about 150 thousand tons, making it the most populous fish in Lake Baikal. It is estimated that about 70% of the fish in the lake are golomyankas. Their juveniles are also the most abundant pelagic fish larvae in the lake. Large shoals are not known for this species, although groups of up to about 20 individuals have been recorded near the lake bottom. Females are more common than males, which only make up about 32% of the population in the little Baikal oilfish and 17% in the big Baikal oilfish. The females do not lay eggs; rather, they are viviparous, giving birth to a swarm of 2000–3000 larvae. Females containing developing embryos can be seen year-round, but there does appear to be a level of seasonality in the birth, with the largest number of larvae occurring from August to April (some differences in the peak timing between the two species). Most females die after giving birth. It has been claimed that their bellies burst open to release the young, killing the female in the process, but this is a myth. Golomyanka can reach an age of up to 6–8 years.

They are sluggish fish, and have relatively large mouths with several rows of somewhat brush-like teeth, allowing them to sift out fine organisms from the water. They primarily feed on the planktonic copepod '' Epischura baikalensis'', the amphipod crustacean '' Macrohectopus branickii'' and larvae of sculpins,Miyasaka, Dzyuba, Genkai-Kato and Wada (2006). Feeding ecology of two planktonic sculpins, Comephorus baicalensis and Comephorus dybowskii (Comephoridae), in Lake Baikal. Ichthyological Research 53(4): 419-422. including those of their own species.

Relationship to humans

Despite being numerous in the lake, golomyankas are difficult to catch in large quantities as they do not gather in large schools. Golomyankas are not harvested commercially, although their fats and oils were used in lamps and as traditional medicine by native Siberians when storms tossed the fish up on shore. They are of no value as a food source for humans, dogs or cats, but are the primary food source for the Baikal seal, and also eaten by other fish in the lake. They are so numerous and spawn so rapidly that they represent the largest concentration of fish biomass within the entire lake, and would seriously unbalance the ecosystem of Lake Baikal if not constantly preyed upon by predators.

See also

* List of fish families

References

Lake Baikal FAQ
Irkutsk State University Lake Baikal FAQ, accessed May 5, 2006

{{Taxonbar, from=Q803775

Comephoridae
Cottoidei
Scorpaeniformes genera
Viviparous fish
Taxa named by Bernard Germain de Lacépède
Endemic fauna of Russia
Fish of Lake Baikal