Bahia incident

The Bahia incident was a naval skirmish fought in late 1864 during the American Civil War. A Confederate navy warship was captured by a Union warship in the Port of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The engagement resulted in a United States victory, but also sparked an incident between the United States and Brazil, over the American violation of Brazil's neutrality by illegally attacking a vessel in a Brazilian harbor.

Background

In late 1864, the nine gun sloop-of-war with 146 officers and crew headed south along the South American coast for the Pacific. She needed repairs and coal so her commander Lieutenant Charles Manigault Morris pulled into Bahia, Brazil, at night on October 4, 1864, after a sixty-one day cruise. Unknown to the Confederates, the Union sloop-of-war was nearby, under Commander Napoleon Collins. ''Wachusett'' launched a boat and sent her towards the ''Florida''; once nearby, the Union sailors called out to the Confederate crew, asking the name of their ship. Unaware of who was inquiring, the Confederates called out that the ship was the ''Florida'' and then asked what ship the sailors in the boat were from. The Union sailors responded that they were from HMS ''Curlew'' and returned to the ''Wachusett'', then still out of sight of the ''Florida''.

The next morning, the Confederates spotted the ''Wachusett'' as she sailed into Bahia harbor and anchored at the entrance of the bay. Later that day Morris met with the Provincial President of Bahia Antônio Joaquim da Silva Gomes, who gave him two days to repair and coal his vessel but said that he felt that the ''Florida'' was the cause of the standoff and if a battle occurred in Bahia harbor, the Imperial Brazilian Navy would be forced to retaliate against whoever fired the first shot. An admiral at the meeting suggested that the ''Florida'' move closer to his sloop so that the Union ship would have a harder time of attacking the Confederate vessel. The citadels of Bahia, Fort Santa Maria and Fort Barra, were put on high alert. Morris did as the admiral suggested and moved his ship closer to shore. Another boat from the ''Wachusett'' approached and delivered a letter to the ''Florida'' addressed "Captain Morris sloop Florida". The rebels rejected the letter because, as one of the Confederates told the Union sailors, the ship was not sloop ''Florida'' but CSS ''Florida''.

Commander Collins would not address the letter CSS ''Florida'' as it would be recognizing the government in rebellion. Collins then sent an American consul named De'Videcky to the Confederates with another message, but before delivering it he first read aloud a letter addressed to him. In it Collins requested that Mr. De'Videcky challenge the rebels to fight. Hearing this, Lieutenant Morris told De'Videcky that he would not attack the Union sloop and would leave harbor once he had completed his mission. However, Morris stated, “... I would neither seek nor avoid a contest with the “Wachusett”, but should I encounter her outside Brazilian waters, would use my utmost endeavors to destroy her.” The C.S.S Florida: Her Building and Operations. The University of Alabama Press, 1987, p.139

Incident

The remainder of October 6 went on without incident until 3:00 am on October 7. At this time the ''Wachusett'' weighed anchor and headed for an attack on the ''Florida''. The vessel opened fire with her 6-inch guns at a distance of but rough weather prevented these shells from hitting so they ceased fire. Lieutenant Morris along with half of the ''Florida''s crew were ashore sleeping and did not participate in the battle, in command of the ''Florida'' was Lieutenant T. K. Porter. Due to the darkness the Confederates could not spot the incoming ''Wachusett'' until she was within musket's range. Master Hunter ordered his men to raise the naval ensign and open fire, they did so not with cannon but with pistols and muskets. Several lead balls struck the ''Wachusett'' and wounded three men so the Union sailors were ordered to return fire with their small arms while the ship maneuvered to line up for a full broadside.

When she came into position, the ''Wachusett'' fired again with her main guns. Several shots from the 6-inch and pivot guns hit the ''Florida'' starboard which raked her bulwarks and removed her mizzenmast. The ''Wachusett'' backed off and called out demanding the rebels surrender. When this call was unanswered the ''Wachusett'' fired again and approached the ''Florida'' for her capture. Collins ordered his men to ram the ''Wachusett'' right into the ''Florida'' so federals crashed into the Confederate ship, but neither vessel was seriously damaged in the collision. Next a Union boarding party quickly jumped on deck of the Confederate sloop and forced a surrender. Nine Confederates jumped over the side of the ''Florida'', all of whom were wounded when the Union sailors fired on them with muskets as they attempted to escape. The Confederates, however, made it to shore. A tow line was attached to the ''Florida'' and the ''Wachusett'' began to tow the prize out of the harbor. Just then the Brazilians in Fort Barra opened fire with their cannon.

Shots whizzed past the ''Wachusett'' but none of them struck. Collins then spotted the Brazilian sloop and an armed paddle steamer heading towards his ship and firing inaccurately. Collins did not engage, he instead ordered his men to make sail as fast as they could. The Brazilians gave chase but the faster ''Wachusett'' got away. Confederate forces lost at least five men killed, nine wounded, and twelve officers and fifty-eight crewmen were captured. Left in Brazil was Lieutenant Morris, four officers and seventy-one men. Union Navy forces lost three men wounded, but only one of them seriously.

Aftermath

As a result of USS ''Wachusett''s attack on the ''Florida'' in Bahia harbor, Commander Collins was court martialed due to pressure from the Brazilian government and was threatened with removal from duty. However, the United States Navy and many Northerners felt that Collins' attack was effective in defeating the Confederates so his sentence was never carried out. Collins eventually became a captain in 1866 largely for his victory over the ''Florida''. The Brazilian government demanded that the Union Navy return their prize to the Confederates at Bahia but the ''Florida'' was sunk in a collision with USAT ''Alliance'' on November 28 off Virginia. Some have speculated that the sinking was not an accident but was encouraged by Admiral David Dixon Porter who did not want the vessel returned to the Confederate Navy.

See also

* Battle of Cherbourg

References

* Morison, Samuel Eliot, ''The Oxford History of the American People'': Troubled Waters, Oxford University, (1965) Catalogue # 65-12468
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{{Coord, 12, 51, 15, S, 38, 35, 50, W, display=title

Bahia
Maritime incidents in October 1864
Bahia incident
Naval battles involving Brazil