The Margraviate of Baden-Durlach was an
early modern territory of the
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.
From the accession of Otto I in 962 ...
, in the upper
Rhine
), Surselva, Graubünden, Switzerland
, source1_coordinates=
, source1_elevation =
, source2 = Rein Posteriur/Hinterrhein
, source2_location = Paradies Glacier, Graubünden, Switzerland
, source2_coordinates=
, so ...
valley, which existed from 1535 to 1771. It was formed when the
Margraviate of Baden
The Margraviate of Baden (german: Markgrafschaft Baden) was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire. Spread along the east side of the Upper Rhine River in southwestern Germany, it was named a margraviate in 1112 and existed until 1535, ...
was split between the sons of
Margrave Christopher I and was named for its capital,
Durlach
Durlach is a borough of the German city of Karlsruhe with a population of roughly 30,000.
History
Durlach was bestowed by emperor Frederick II on the margrave Hermann V of Zähringen as an allodial possession.
It was chosen by the margrave Ch ...
. The other half of the territory became the
Margraviate of Baden-Baden
The Margraviate of Baden-Baden was an early modern southwest German territory within the Holy Roman Empire. It was created in 1535 along with the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach as a result of the division of the Margraviate of Baden. Its territory ...
, located between the two halves of Baden-Durlach. Baden-Durlach became Lutheran during the
Protestant Reformation
The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and ...
, unlike Baden-Baden, which remained Catholic. Baden-Durlach occupied Baden-Baden from 1594 to 1622, but was driven out after being defeated at the Battle of Wimpfen, during the
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, lasting from 1618 to 1648. Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of battle ...
(1618-1648). The territory was ravaged during the
Nine Years' War (1688-1697). Following the extinction of the Baden-Baden line in 1771, the Baden-Durlach inherited their territories and reunited the Margraviate of Baden. The reunified territory was caught up in the
French Revolutionary
The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its ideas are consider ...
and
Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major global conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European states formed into various coalitions. It produced a period of Fren ...
, emerging in 1806 as the
Grand Duchy of Baden.
Territory
The Margraviate of Baden-Durlach encompassed an area on the middle
Upper Rhine
The Upper Rhine (german: Oberrhein ; french: Rhin Supérieur) is the section of the Rhine between Basel in Switzerland and Bingen in Germany, surrounded by the Upper Rhine Plain. The river is marked by Rhine-kilometres 170 to 529 (the ...
around the cities of
Pforzheim
Pforzheim () is a city of over 125,000 inhabitants in the federal state of Baden-Württemberg, in the southwest of Germany.
It is known for its jewelry and watch-making industry, and as such has gained the nickname "Goldstadt" ("Golden City") ...
and
Durlach
Durlach is a borough of the German city of Karlsruhe with a population of roughly 30,000.
History
Durlach was bestowed by emperor Frederick II on the margrave Hermann V of Zähringen as an allodial possession.
It was chosen by the margrave Ch ...
, as well as the Margraviate of Hachberg around
Emmendigen, and an area known as
Markgräflerland
Markgräflerland () is a region in the southwest of Germany, in the south of the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg, located between the Breisgau in the north and the Black Forest in the east; adjacent to west with France and in the south ...
in the southern part of the Upper Rhine region, between
Müllheim
Müllheim ( High Alemannic: ''Mille'') is a town in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. It belongs to the district Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald. Müllheim is generally considered to be the center of the region known as Markgräflerland.
History
...
and
Lörrach
Lörrach () is a town in southwest Germany, in the valley of the Wiese, close to the French and the Swiss borders. It is the capital of the district of Lörrach in Baden-Württemberg. It is the home of a number of large employers, including t ...
.
In detail, the territorial components were as follows:
Lower Margraviate ( of the total area)
* Lower Margraviate of Baden-Durlach
** Oberamt of Pforzheim
** Amt of
Stein
Stein is a German, Yiddish and Norwegian word meaning "stone" and "pip" or "kernel". It stems from the same Germanic root as the English word stone. It may refer to:
Places In Austria
* Stein, a neighbourhood of Krems an der Donau, Lower Aust ...
/
Langensteinbach
Karlsbad (; South Franconian: ''Kallsbad'') is a municipality in the district of Karlsruhe, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
Geography and history
The municipality is situated on the Alb-Pfinz Plateau in the northern Black Forest, 8 km eas ...
** Oberamt of Durlach
**
Oberamt Karlsruhe (earlier composed of the Ämter of
Mühlburg
Mühlburg, formerly a town on its own right, is a borough located in the west of Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
The name ''Mühlburg'' could be translated as 'Mill Castle' and refers to a water mill and a water castle located at the sit ...
,
Staffort Staffort is an old German village between Karlsruhe and Bruchsal - since 1975 the village is part of the town Stutensee which was created by joining together with Blankenloch, Friedrichstal and Spöck. Stutensee-Staffort has roughly 2000 inhabitants ...
and
Graben)
* The incorporated fief of
Rhodt unter Rietburg
Rhodt unter Rietburg is a municipality in Südliche Weinstraße district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany. Rietburg
The Rietburg is a ruined hillside castle on the edge of the Palatinate Forest above the village of Rhodt in the coun ...
in the
Palatinate und
Münzesheim
Münzesheim is a part of the town Kraichtal in the district of Karlsruhe in northwestern of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
Geography
Münzesheim lies in the hills of the Kraichgau on the flat end of left slope of the Kraichbachvalley. The distric ...
im
Kraichgau
The Kraichgau () is a hilly region in Baden-Württemberg, southwestern Germany. It is bordered by the Odenwald and the Neckar to the North, the Black Forest to the South, and the Upper Rhine Plain to the West. To the east, its boundary is c ...
Upper Margraviate ( of the total area)
* Oberamt of
Hachberg
**
Margraviate of Baden-Hachberg
**
Lordship of Prechtal
A lordship is a territory held by a lord. It was a landed estate that served as the lowest administrative and judicial unit in rural areas. It originated as a unit under the feudal system during the Middle Ages. In a lordship, the functions of eco ...
(
Condominium with
Fürstenberg Fürstenberg (also Fuerstenberg and Furstenberg) may refer to:
Historical states
* Fürstenberg-Baar, county (1441–1559)
* Fürstenberg-Blumberg, county (1559–1614)
* Fürstenberg-Donaueschingen, county (1617–1698)
* Fürstenberg-Fürsten ...
)
*
Markgräflerland
Markgräflerland () is a region in the southwest of Germany, in the south of the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg, located between the Breisgau in the north and the Black Forest in the east; adjacent to west with France and in the south ...
**
Lordship of Badenweiler (also Oberamt Badenweiler)
** Oberamt of
Rötteln
Rötteln (Old High German: ''Raudinleim''this expression refers to the red shimmering limestone of this place) is a hamlet beneath the ruins of Rötteln Castle. Today Rötteln is part of the quarter of Haagen, in the city of Lörrach, Baden-Würt ...
()
*** Landgraviate of
Sausenberg
*** Lordship of
Rötteln Castle
Rötteln Castle (german: Burg Rötteln), located above the Lörrach suburb of , lies in the extreme southwest corner of the German state of Baden-Württemberg, just 10 kilometres (6 miles) north-east of the Swiss City of Basel. The fortification w ...
.
Baden-Durlach held two individual votes (''Virilstimme'') on the temporal bench of the
Imperial Diet, as well as a third individual vote for the Margraviate of Hachberg. It had the same representation of the diet of the
imperial circle of
Swabia.
History
In 1535, the
Margraviate of Baden
The Margraviate of Baden (german: Markgrafschaft Baden) was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire. Spread along the east side of the Upper Rhine River in southwestern Germany, it was named a margraviate in 1112 and existed until 1535, ...
was split into the Margraviates of
Baden-Baden
Baden-Baden () is a spa town in the state of Baden-Württemberg, south-western Germany, at the north-western border of the Black Forest mountain range on the small river Oos, ten kilometres (six miles) east of the Rhine, the border with Fra ...
and Baden-Durlach. Margrave
Charles II chose to support the
Protestant Reformation
The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and ...
in 1556 and transferred his residence from Pforzheim to
Karlsburg Castle
Karlsburg Castle in the Durlach district of Karlsruhe characterizes the history of the Baden since 1563. Only the ("Princesses' wing") of the historical building still stands.
Pforzheim was the residence of Margrave Charles II, until he decide ...
in Durlach in 1565.
In 1594, Baden-Durlach exercised control over Baden-Baden in what is known as the
Oberbadische Okkupation (Upper Baden Occupation), after Margrave
George Frederick seized the territory in light of his relatives' bankruptcy. Having never received imperial authorisation for the seizure, George Frederick joined the
Protestant Union
The Protestant Union (german: Protestantische Union), also known as the Evangelical Union, Union of Auhausen, German Union or the Protestant Action Party, was a coalition of Protestant German states. It was formed on 14 May 1608 by Frederick I ...
in an effort to protect his claims. This ended in 1622 during the
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, lasting from 1618 to 1648. Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of battle ...
, after George Frederick was defeated at the
Battle of Wimpfen
The Battle of Wimpfen was a battle in the Palatinate campaign period of the Thirty Years' War on 6 May 1622 near Wimpfen.
The combined forces of the Catholic League and the Spanish Empire under Marshal Tilly and Gonzalo de Córdoba defeated ...
and forced to abdicate and return Baden-Baden to his relations. During the
Nine Years' War, Pforzheim and Durlach were burnt to the ground.
From 1715, Margrave
Charles III William built his new residence,
Karlsruhe Palace
Karlsruhe Palace (german: Karlsruher Schloss) was built in 1715 for Margrave Charles III William of Baden-Durlach after a dispute with the citizens of his previous capital, Durlach. The city of Karlsruhe has since grown around it. The building i ...
, in an empty area. The city that developed around the palace would later become
Karlsruhe
Karlsruhe ( , , ; South Franconian: ''Kallsruh'') is the third-largest city of the German state (''Land'') of Baden-Württemberg after its capital of Stuttgart and Mannheim, and the 22nd-largest city in the nation, with 308,436 inhabitants. ...
.
In 1771, Margrave
Charles Frederick inherited the Margraviate of Baden-Baden, reunifying the Margraviate of Baden.
The summer residence of the margraves of Baden-Durlach was the
Markgräflerhof
The Markgräflerhof is a baroque palace in Basel, Switzerland, built by the margraves of Baden-Durlach, who used it as an extraterritorial residence as their principality including its residences was often the victim of wars and armies. The ma ...
in
Basel
, french: link=no, Bâlois(e), it, Basilese
, neighboring_municipalities= Allschwil (BL), Hégenheim (FR-68), Binningen (BL), Birsfelden (BL), Bottmingen (BL), Huningue (FR-68), Münchenstein (BL), Muttenz (BL), Reinach (BL), Riehen (BS ...
, Switzerland, where the margraves also owned a number of other properties.
Arms
The
coat of arms
A coat of arms is a heraldic visual design on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the latter two being outer garments). The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement, which in its ...
underwent changes over time. Here the coat of arms depicted on the seal of Margrave Charles II is described:
The central shield contained the red Badian diagonal band on a golden background. In the upper left field was the crowned red lion of the Landgraves of Sausenberg. The upper right field showed the wing of the lords of
Üsenberg Castle
The Üsenberg Castle (german: Burg Üsenberg; gsw, Burg Isebärg) was a ruined hill castle near the city of Breisach in the Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
History
The castle was built in the 11th century a ...
. The lower left had a vertical band with three chevrons, the arms of the lordship of Badenweiler. In the lower right field was the red lion of the lords of Rötteln.
The coat of arms was surrounded by five helmets. The upper middle one bears the Badian
ibex
An ibex (plural ibex, ibexes or ibices) is any of several species of wild goat (genus ''Capra''), distinguished by the male's large recurved horns, which are transversely ridged in front. Ibex are found in Eurasia, North Africa and East Africa ...
horns. Alongside it is a helmet with the Sausenberg lion and one with the upper part of a man wearing the wing of the Üsenberg arms. On the left side of the arms is a helmet with the upper part of a young man, who wears the vertical band of the Badenweiler arms, and at right is a helmet with a bishop's
mitre
The mitre (Commonwealth English) (; Greek: μίτρα, "headband" or "turban") or miter (American English; see spelling differences), is a type of headgear now known as the traditional, ceremonial headdress of bishops and certain abbots in ...
, symbolising the
''Schirmvogtei'' held by the lordship of Rötteln over several monasteries.
Military
According to the
Imperial Register, the Margraviate was obliged to supply troops to the
Swabian Circle
The Circle of Swabia or Swabian Circle (german: Schwäbischer Reichskreis or ''Schwäbischer Kreis'') was an Imperial Circle of the Holy Roman Empire established in 1500 on the territory of the former German stem-duchy of Swabia. However, it di ...
. In addition to these troops, the Margraves also built up a force of household troops (a bodyguard).
In 1770, the margraviate had a total of 807 soldiers in service (including both the circle troops and the household troops), consisting of four companies of a
grenadier battalion
A battalion is a military unit, typically consisting of 300 to 1,200 soldiers commanded by a lieutenant colonel, and subdivided into a number of companies (usually each commanded by a major or a captain). In some countries, battalions a ...
, a
fusilier division, and a company of
dragoons.
The largest force raised in the history of Baden-Durlach was recruited by Margrave George Frederick in 1622 for the
Palatinate campaign
The Palatinate campaign (30 August 1620 – 27 August 1623), also known as the Spanish conquest of the Palatinate or the Palatinate phase of the Thirty Years' War was a campaign conducted by the Imperial army against the Protestant Union i ...
of the Thirty Years' War. It consisted of 11,500 men, only half of which were recruited locally from the margraviate's militia, with the rest on loan from George Frederick's allies; the territory was too small and poor to pay for professional soldiers beyond the margrave's own bodyguard. George Frederick's army ceased to exist when he was defeated at the Battle of Wimpfen, the remnants of the army being absorbed by the
Count of Mansfeld
Peter Ernst, Graf von Mansfeld (german: Peter Ernst Graf von Mansfeld; c. 158029 November 1626), or simply Ernst von Mansfeld, was a German military commander who, despite being a Catholic, fought for the Protestants during the early years of the ...
's forces.
Calender
Before 1582, like the rest of the Empire, the Margraviate employed the
Julian Calendar
The Julian calendar, proposed by Roman consul Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on , by edict. It was designed with the aid of Greek mathematicians and astronomers such as Sosigenes of Alexandr ...
. In 1582, the Margraviate of Baden-Baden adopted the
Gregorian Calendar
The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. It was introduced in October 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian calendar. The principal change was to space leap years dif ...
, such that 4 October 1582 was followed directly by 15 October 1582, but Baden-Durlach, as a Protestant state, retained the Julian Calendar, since the new calendar had been promulgated by the
Pope
The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...
.
The
''Corpus Evangelicorum'' in the Imperial Diet agreed to adopt the Gregorian Calendar only in 1699. Baden-Durlach followed the decision and adopted the new calendar in 1700, with 18 February being followed directly by 1 March 1700. Some parish books from the Margraviate show that individual churches did not all follow suit immediately.
Religion
Initially, the Margraviate was
Roman Catholic
Roman or Romans most often refers to:
*Rome, the capital city of Italy
* Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD
* Roman people, the people of ancient Rome
*'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a let ...
, like the rest of the Holy Roman Empire, but on 1 June 1556, Margrave Charles II decreed a new
Church Order
Church order is the systematically organized set of rules drawn up by a qualified body of a local church. P. Coertzen. ''Church and Order''. Belgium: Peeters. From the point of view of civil law, the ''church order'' can be described as the inter ...
on the Württemberg (i.e. Lutheran) model and initiated the Reformation in his territory.
Although his two oldest sons abandoned Lutheranism (
Ernest Frederick converted to
Calvinism
Calvinism (also called the Reformed Tradition, Reformed Protestantism, Reformed Christianity, or simply Reformed) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Ca ...
in 1599 and
James III converted to Catholicism in 1590), Baden-Durlach remained Lutheran since the third son, George Frederick did not convert, outlived his brothers and inherited both of their territories.
The Margrave was also the leader of the local Protestant church. The daily administration of the churche was dealt with by a Church council (''Kirchenrat''). Two General Superintendents were appointed, one for the Lower territories and another for the Upper territories, who oversaw the Special Superintendents who administered the individual
diocese
In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop.
History
In the later organization of the Roman Empire, the increasingly subdivided provinces were administratively associa ...
s, which in turn administered the individual
parish
A parish is a territorial entity in many Christian denominations, constituting a division within a diocese. A parish is under the pastoral care and clerical jurisdiction of a priest, often termed a parish priest, who might be assisted by one o ...
es. Consistency of doctrine was maintained by regular
visitations.
Culture
Dialect
Even in language, the Margraviate was not unified. The Landgraviate of Sausenberg and the Lordships of Badenweiler und Rötteln spoke
High Alemannic
High Alemannic is a dialect of Alemannic German spoken in the westernmost Austrian state of Vorarlberg and in Switzerland and Liechtenstein.
Language area
The High Alemannic dialects are spoken in Liechtenstein and in most of German-speaking S ...
, while the Margraviate of Hachberg used
Low Alemannic and the Lower Margraviate (Karlsruhe-Pforzheim) employed a
South Franconian dialect.
Education
The Margraviate never had a university. However, the level of the highest school, the
gymnasium illustre in Karlsruhe, was at times equivalent to a university. Originally, the institution mainly served to educate orthodox priests to safeguard the Reformation. The school was established in Durlach in 1586 and transferred to Karlsruhe by Charles III William in 1724.
[ Karl Friedrich Vierordt: ''Geschichte der im Jahre 1586 zu Durlach eröffneten und 1724 nach Karlsruhe verpflanzten Mittelschule'', Karlsruhe 1859 ()] It is now the
Markgrafen-Gymnasium Karlsruhe.
Music and theater
The
Badische Staatskapelle
The Badische Staatskapelle is a symphony orchestra based in Karlsruhe. The orchestra is affiliated with the Badisches Staatstheater (Baden State Theatre). The historical roots of the orchestra date back to 1662. The precursor ensemble was the ' ...
symphony orchestra
An orchestra (; ) is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music, which combines instruments from different families.
There are typically four main sections of instruments:
* bowed string instruments, such as the violin, viola, ce ...
is first attested in 1662. Its masters were:
Enoch Blinzig (1707-1708),
Giuseppe Beniventi (1712-1718),
Johann Philipp Käfer (1718-1722),
Johann Melchior Molter
Johann Melchior Molter (10 February 1696 – 12 January 1765) was a German composer and violinist of the late Baroque period.
He was born at Tiefenort, near Eisenach, and was educated at the Gymnasium in Eisenach. By autumn 1717 he had l ...
(1722-1733 and 1743–1765), and Giacinto Sciatti (1765-1776).
List of Margraves
From 1577 to 1584 and 1738 to 1746, there were regencies for underage rulers. These regents are mentioned in the text, but not listed asmargraves.
See also
*
List of rulers of Baden
Baden was an Imperial Estate of the Holy Roman Empire and later one of the German states along the frontier with France, primarily consisting of territory along the right bank of the Rhine, opposite Alsace and the Palatinate.
History
The te ...
References
Bibliography
*
Armin Kohnle: ''Kleine Geschichte der Markgrafschaft Baden.'' G. Braun Buchverlag, Karlsruhe 2007, ISBN 978-3-7650-8346-4
*
Karl Stiefel: ''Baden 1648–1952'', Karlsruhe 1979, 2 Volumes
*
Hans Rott
Johann Nepomuk Karl Maria Rott (1 August 1858 – 25 June 1884) was an Austrian composer and organist. His music is little-known today, though he received high praise in his time from Gustav Mahler and Anton Bruckner. He left a symphony and ''Li ...
: ''Kunst und Künstler am Baden-Durlacher Hof bis zur Gründung Karlsruhes'', Karlsruhe: Müller 1917
*
Eberhard Gothein
Eberhard H. Gothein (29 October 1853 in Środa Śląska, Neumarkt – 13 November 1923 in Berlin) was a German economist and historian. Gothein was a professor at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, University of Karlsruhe (1885), University of Bonn ...
: ''Die badischen Markgrafschaften im 16. Jahrhundert'', Heidelberg 1910
Digitalisat im Internet Archive
*
Description of the condition of the margraviate in at the beginning of Karl Frederick's reign:
*
C.W.F.L. Freiherr von Drais: ''Geschichte der Regierung und Bildung von Baden unter Carl Friedrich vor der Revolutionszeit – Erster Band.'' C.F. Müller’sche Hofbuchhandlung, Carlsruhe 1816 ()
*
Johann Christian Sachs
Johann, typically a male given name, is the German form of ''Iohannes'', which is the Latin form of the Greek name ''Iōánnēs'' (), itself derived from Hebrew name ''Yochanan'' () in turn from its extended form (), meaning "Yahweh is Gracious" ...
: ''Einleitung in die Geschichte der Marggravschaft und des marggrävlichen altfürstlichen Hauses Baden'':
**
**
External links
* {{HLS, 6618, Baden (D), author=
Wolfgang Hug
Wolfgang is a German male given name traditionally popular in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The name is a combination of the Old High German words ''wolf'', meaning "wolf", and ''gang'', meaning "path", "journey", "travel". Besides the regula ...
Margraviate of Baden
History of Karlsruhe
Margraves of Baden-Durlach
1535 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
States and territories disestablished in 1771
1771 disestablishments in Europe