ba space

In mathematics, the ba space $ba(\Sigma)$ of an algebra of sets $\Sigma$ is the Banach space consisting of all bounded and finitely additive signed measures on $\Sigma$. The norm is defined as the variation, that is $\, \nu\, =, \nu, (X).$

If Σ is a sigma-algebra, then the space $ca(\Sigma)$ is defined as the subset of $ba(\Sigma)$ consisting of countably additive measures. The notation ''ba'' is a mnemonic for ''bounded additive'' and ''ca'' is short for ''countably additive''.

If ''X'' is a topological space, and Σ is the sigma-algebra of Borel sets in ''X'', then $rca(X)$ is the subspace of $ca(\Sigma)$ consisting of all regular Borel measures on ''X''.

Properties

All three spaces are complete (they are Banach spaces) with respect to the same norm defined by the total variation, and thus $ca(\Sigma)$ is a closed subset of $ba(\Sigma)$, and $rca(X)$ is a closed set of $ca(\Sigma)$ for Σ the algebra of Borel sets on ''X''. The space of simple functions on $\Sigma$ is dense in $ba(\Sigma)$.

The ba space of the power set of the natural numbers, ''ba''(2^N), is often denoted as simply $ba$ and is isomorphic to the dual space of the ℓ^∞ space.

Dual of B(Σ)

Let B(Σ) be the space of bounded Σ-measurable functions, equipped with the uniform norm. Then ''ba''(Σ) = B(Σ)* is the continuous dual space of B(Σ). This is due to Hildebrandt and Fichtenholtz & Kantorovich. This is a kind of Riesz representation theorem which allows for a measure to be represented as a linear functional on measurable functions. In particular, this isomorphism allows one to ''define'' the integral with respect to a finitely additive measure (note that the usual Lebesgue integral requires ''countable'' additivity). This is due to Dunford & Schwartz, and is often used to define the integral with respect to vector measures, and especially vector-valued Radon measures.

The topological duality ''ba''(Σ) = B(Σ)* is easy to see. There is an obvious ''algebraic'' duality between the vector space of ''all'' finitely additive measures σ on Σ and the vector space of simple functions ($\mu(A)=\zeta\left(1_A\right)$). It is easy to check that the linear form induced by σ is continuous in the sup-norm if σ is bounded, and the result follows since a linear form on the dense subspace of simple functions extends to an element of B(Σ)* if it is continuous in the sup-norm.

Dual of ''L''^∞(''μ'')

If Σ is a sigma-algebra and ''μ'' is a sigma-additive positive measure on Σ then the Lp space ''L''^∞(''μ'') endowed with the essential supremum norm is by definition the quotient space of B(Σ) by the closed subspace of bounded ''μ''-null functions:
:$N_\mu:=\.$
The dual Banach space ''L''^∞(''μ'')* is thus isomorphic to
:$N_\mu^\perp=\,$
i.e. the space of finitely additive signed measures on ''Σ'' that are absolutely continuous with respect to ''μ'' (''μ''-a.c. for short).

When the measure space is furthermore sigma-finite then ''L''^∞(''μ'') is in turn dual to ''L''¹(''μ''), which by the Radon–Nikodym theorem is identified with the set of all countably additive ''μ''-a.c. measures.
In other words, the inclusion in the bidual
:$L^1(\mu)\subset L^1(\mu)^=L^(\mu)^*$
is isomorphic to the inclusion of the space of countably additive ''μ''-a.c. bounded measures inside the space of all finitely additive ''μ''-a.c. bounded measures.

References

*

Further reading

*
*

{{Functional analysis

Measure theory
Banach spaces